Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

46. Craig, Op. cit., page 218.

47. J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000, page 158.

48. They were destroyed in 1945 when the Nazis burned Immendorf castle, where they were stored during the Second World War.

49. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson/New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 227–232.

50. Burrow, Op. cit., pages 137–138.

51. See Craig, Op. cit., page 188.

52. Burrow, Op. cit., page 188.

53. Pagden, Op. cit., page 147.

54. Ibid., page 148.

55. Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Op. cit., page 171.

56. See Tony Smith, Op. cit., pages 63–65, for why Russia, at that point, could not have been a nation of the future.

57. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea, Washington, DC, and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 292.

58. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 193.

59. Ibid., page 196.

60. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 5.

61. Ibid., pages 51–70.

62. Ibid., pages 143ff.

63. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 291–292.

64. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 132.

65. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 289–290.

66. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 185.

67. Ibid.

68. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 338.

69. Ibid.

70. Johnston, Op. cit., page 364.

71. Hawkins, Op. cit., pages 126–127.

72. Ibid., page 178.

73. Ibid., page 62.

74. Ibid., page 201.

75. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 330.

76. A. L. Macfie, Orientalism, London: Longman, 2002, page 179.

77. Ibid., page 180.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Tony Smith says that pre-British India was some 500 years behind Europe, economically speaking, when the British arrived. Macfie, Op. cit., page 75.

81. Ibid., page 181.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid., page 182.

84. Quoted in Ferguson, Op. cit., page 39. Bernstein, Op. cit., page 89, says that Nathaniel Halhed (aged twenty-three in 1771) was the first to point out the relation between Bengali and Sanskrit.

85. Hastings also funded several expeditions: Bernstein, Op. cit., pages 145ff.

86. Macfie, Op. cit., page 53.

87. See Tony Smith, Op. cit., page 74, for a discussion of what the British destroyed in India.

88. Macfie, Op. cit., page 56.

89. Ferguson, Op. cit., pages 365–371.

90. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, London and New York: Chatto & Windus/Vintage, 1993/1994, pages xiff.

91. Ibid., page xxiv.

92. Ibid., pages 8–12.

93. Ibid., page 85.

94. For some of the weaknesses in Said’s work, see: Valerie Kennedy, Edward Said: A Critical Introduction, Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2000, pages 25 and 37. Said considers only novels: see Roger Benjamin, Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism and North Africa, 1880–1930, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2003, especially pages 129ff, for travelling scholarships for artists. And see: Philippe Jullian, The Orientalists: European Painters of Eastern Scenes, Oxford: Phaidon, 1977, who, in his chapter on the influence of artists, says they helped launch the ‘desolate East’ (page 39).

95. Said, Op. cit., page 75.

96. Ibid., page 102.

97. Ibid., page 104.

98. Ibid., page 108.

99. Edmund Wilson, ‘The Kipling that nobody read’, in The Wound and the Bow, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947, pages 100–103.

100. A different view was advanced by Noel Annan in his essay ‘Kipling’s place in the history of ideas’, where he presents the notion that Kipling’s vision of society was similar to the new sociologists – Durkheim, Weber and Pareto – who ‘saw society as a nexus of groups; and the pattern of behaviour which these groups unwittingly established, rather than men’s wills or anything so vague as a class, cultural or national tradition, primarily determined men’s actions. They asked how these groups promoted order or instability in society, whereas their predecessors had asked whether certain groups helped society to progress.’ Said, Op. cit., page 186 and Noel Annan, ‘Kipling’s place in the history of ideas’, Victorian Studies, volume 3, number 4, June 1960, page 323.

101. Said, Op. cit., page 187.

102. Ibid., page 196.