Ido for All

**** Lesson 22 - Duadek-e-duesma Leciono ************************************** Comparative:------------------------------------------------------------------- She is beautiful. = Elu esas bela. She is as beautiful as her sister. = Elu esas tam bela kam sua fratino. She is more beautiful than her sister. = Elu esas plu bela kam sua fratino. She is less beautiful than her sister. = Elu esas min bela kam sua fratino. She is no less beautiful than her sister. She is as beautiful as her sister. = Elu ne esas min bela kam sua fratino. She is no more beautiful than her sister. Both of them are ugly. = Elu ne esas plu bela kam sua fratino. L'amba esas leda. No one is more beautiful than her sister. No one is as beautiful as her sister. Her sister is the most beautiful woman of all. = Nulu esas plu bela kam elua fratino. Nulu esas tam bela kam elua fratino. = Elua fratino esas la maxim bela muliero del omni. --------------------------------- She has no less than (=as much as) 50 dollars. = Elu havas ne'min kam kinadek dolari. = Elu havas tam multa kam kinadek dolari. She has not less than (=at least) 50 dollars. = Elu ne havas min kam kinadek dolari. = Elu havas ad'minime kinadek dolari. She has no more than (=only, just, exactly) 50 dollars. = Elu havas ne'plu kam kinadek dolari. = Elu havas nur/precize kindadek dolari. She has not more than (=at most) 50 dollars. = Elu ne havas plu kam kinadek dolari. = Elu havas ad'maxime kinadek dolari. How to get Dad and Mom from Father and Mother:--------------------------------- We can borrow the appropriate sufixes from Esperanto, namely, -chy- and -nyo-. And let's change -chy- for -ch-, more easily pronouceable form. Father : Patro -> Dad : Pacho Mother : Matro -> Mom : Manyo Just as in English we make Anthony into Tony, and Katharine into Kate or Kitty, so in Ido we can get similar names by puttting -ch- for a male, or -ny- for a female, after one of the first few letters of the full name. Thus, from Michael we form, according to occasion, Micho; and Katanyo, Kanyo etc. from Katharine. Whose, of which:--------------------------------------------------------------- "Whose and of which" are translated "di qua/qui" or sometimes "qua'ns/qui'ns": The boy "whose" book I saw (=the boy of whom I saw the book). La puero di qua me vidis la libro. La puero qua'ns libron me vidis. The sword which Hector gave Ajax was that on "whose" point Ajax fell. La glavo quan Hektor donis ad Ajax, esis ta sur la pinto di qua Ajax falis. La glavo quan Hektor donis ad Ajax, esis ta sur qua'ns pinto Ajax falis. The books, the binding "of which" you like. La libri di qui vu prizis la binduro. La libri qui'ns binduron vu prizis. How to translate THAT:--------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it joins two sentences, use 'ke'. I see that you are here. - Me vidas ke vu esas hike. (2) If it means 'who', 'whom', 'which', use 'qua' as subject, 'quan' as object (if before the verb). The cat that was here. - La kato qua esis hike. The dog that you saw. - La hundo quan vu vidis. (3) If it means 'that' person, use 'ita', 'ta'. That man is too old. - Ita/ta viro esas tro olda. (4) If it menas 'that' thing, use 'ito','to'. That is no use. - Ito/to ne utilesas. (5) If it menas 'that' kind of, use 'tala'. That person! Well, I never! - Tala persono! ne-kredebla! (6) If it menas 'in order that', use 'por ke' (with imperative). I tell you now that you may be prepared. Me dicas olu a vu nun por ke vu esez preparita/pronta. THAT should never be omitted:-------------------------------------------------- 'That' is very often omitted in English, but should never be omitted in Ido: (1) The book (that) I gave you - La libro quan me donis a vu. (2) I think (that) he will come. - Me opinionas ke ilu venos. It is generally omitted in English after verbs like 'to think', 'to hope', 'to wish', 'to believe'. It is impossible to pay too much attention to this rule, as the correct use of the word 'ke' is the key to a good international style for English-speaking students. Other words omitted:----------------------------------------------------------- All other words omitted in English have to be inserted in Ido: It was he mentioned the fact (= he who mentioned). Esas ilu' ta qua mencionis la fakto. He knew the man we were speaking of (=of whom we...). Ilu konocis la viro pri qua ni parolis. Do what he will (=let him do...), he cannot... Ilu facez quon ilu volas, ilu ne povas... If a man was great while living (=while he was living), Se homo esis famoza dum ke ilu vivis, He gave the boy a penny (=a penny to the boy). Ilu donis ok centimi a la puero. Show me it (=show it to me). - Montrez olu a me. Imperative Clause:------------------------------------------------------------- The subject of an imperative clause can be omitted only when it is "vu" or "tu". Tu venez ad'hike tam balde kam (lo esez) posibla. -> Venez ad'hike tam balde kam posibla. But, the subjedct "printempo" can not be omitted in the next phrase. Printempo venez ad'en Europa tam balde kam posibla. (Dicita en vintro.) Prego (prejo*) venez ad'en l'inferno por ke la pekinto povez repentar. ...... so that a prayer might give him the chance to repent. pregar: to beg, entreat, beseech, and also to pray to God prejar* : to say a prayer (religious meaning only) Infinitive Clause:------------------------------------------------------------- Another important case in which 'that' as a conjunction (= ke) should be used is the infinitive clause: Even though it is possible to translate, I want you to come. - Me volas vu venar. - (Me volas a vu' venar.) He ordered them to go away. - Ilu imperis li de-irar. - (Ilu imperis a li' de-irar.) but .. it is preferable to say as follows using the infinitive clasues. I want you to come. - Me volas ke vu venez. He ordered them to go away. - Ilu imperis ke li de-irez. It will be noticed that such phrases occur most frequently with verbs of 'command' and 'desire'. Why you need "di" after nouns:------------------------------------------------- Se onu darfas adjuntar infinitivo a substantivo sen "di", onu povas dicar ... Lu mustas per sua esforco komprenar traktar l'afero. -> (1) Lu mustas, per sua esforco, komprenar traktar l'afero. (2) Lu mustas, per sua esforco komprenar, traktar l'afero. Tamen se onu mustas pozar "di" inter infinitivo e substantivo, onu dicas ... Lu mustas per sua esforco di komprenar traktar l'afero. = Lu mustas, per sua esforco di komprenar, traktar l'afero. Lu mustas per sua esforco komprenar traktar l'afero. = Lu mustas, per sua esforco, komprenar (quale) traktar l'afero. Se onu darfas adjuntar infinitivo a substantivo sen "di", onu povas dicar ... Me imperis a roboto komprenar traktar la mashino. -> (1) Me imperis a roboto' komprenar traktar la mashino. (2) Me imperis a 'roboto komprenar' traktar la mashino. Tamen se onu mustas pozar "di" inter infinitivo e substantivo, onu dicas ... Me imperis a roboto di komprenar traktar la mashino. = Me imperis a 'roboto di komprenar' traktar la mashino. Me imperis a roboto komprenar traktar la mashino. = Me imperis a roboto' komprenar (quale) traktar la mashino. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX **** Lesson 23 - Duadek-e-triesma Leciono ************************************* How to translate WHAT:--------------------------------------------------------- (a) If it means 'that which', use 'to quo' or 'to quon', according to sense: (1) What is here is good. (=That which is here is good.) To quo esas hike, esas bona. (In this sentence 'which' is the subject of 'is'.) (2) What you say is right. (=That which you say is right.) To quon vu dicas, esas justa. (Here 'which' is the object of 'you say'.) Note. - In the correlation 'to quo', or 'to quon', the 'to' can be omitted after a verb. I heard what he said. - Me audis quon ilu dicis. I know what they are. - Me savas quo li esas. (b) If it is a aquestion and means 'what thing', use 'quo' or 'quon': What is it? - Quo esas? What is the matter? - Quo eventas? What do you want? (= you want what thing? ,'what' being the object.) Quon vu volas? (c) As an adjective, use 'qua, quan': What carriage? - Qua veturo? What day? - Qua dio? (d) As an exclamation, use 'quo!': What! is it true? - Quo!, ka vera? (e) Followed by 'a', translate 'what' by 'quala': What a wind! - Quala vento! Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns:-------------------------------------------- SOME,ANY. See previous lessons. NO, before a noun of quantity = not before the verb: I have no bread (=I not have bread.) - Me ne havas pano. NO, before a noun of individuality = not one: 'nula' No man will say. - Nula homo dicos. EITHER (= the one or the other): Either of them will do (= one or other will suit). Una od altra konvenos. Either book will do (= one book or the other will suit). Un libro o la altra konvenos. (Either ... or is a conjunction, sive ... sive) NEITHER (=nor one nor the other): Neither door was open. - Nek una nek la altra pordo esis apertita. FEW = poka A FEW = kelka SEVERAL = plura MANY, MUCH = multa (too many, much = tro multa). SUCH, meaning "quality" = tala, meaning those = ti. Such as we are - Tala quala ni esas. Such as like it - Ti qui prizas olu. ALL, meaning everything = omno. meaning everybody = omni. as an adjective = omna. All I have said. - Omno quon me dicis. All were ther. - Omni asistis. All trouble, all efforts. - Omna peno, omna esforci. ALL THE, meaning the whole = la tota. All the town was ablaze. - La tota urbo flagris. EACH OTHER = una altra. ONE ANOTHER = una altra (or verb commencing by inter-). They loved each other. - Li amis una altra. They loved one another. - Li amis una altra. Li inter-amis. They took each other's hats. - Li prenis la una la chapelo di la altra. NOT ANYTHING, NOTHING = ne ... ulo, nulo NO ONE, NONE = ne ... ulu, nulu 'One' is translated by 'un' as a number, 'una' as an adjective showing unity, 'unu' as a pronoun of person: One and one make two. - Un ed un facas du. The One Holy Church. - La Una Santa Eklezio. The one said this, the other sai that. - Unu dicis ico, la altru dicis ito. 'One' after demonstrative (this one, that one, the other one), and after adjectifves (a young one, a good one) is omitted: This one said this, that one said that, and the other one said the other thing. Ica dicis ico, ita dicis ito, e la altra dicis la altro. The little one was tired. - La puereto esis fatigita. 'One' after an adjective, is often translated by a repetition of the noun. She had a doll, a beautiful one too. - Elu havis pupeo, vere bela pupeo. THE ONES, as a pronoun = uni; The ones were long, the other were short. Uni esis longa, l'altri esis kurta. ONES, after an adjective, is not translated: Give me two small ones. - Donez ad me du mikra. SELF, the pronoun 'self' is translated by 'ipsa': Who was there? Only myself. - Qua esis ibe? Nur me ipsa. When 'myself','himself',etc., are used after the simple pronoun (I myself, she herself, etc.), or after a noun (the king himself), translate the simple pronoun or noun, and add 'ipsa' as separate word: They themselves told me. - Li ipsa dicis to a me. She saw it herslef. - Elu ipsa vidis olu. She saw the thing itself. - Elu vidis la kozo ipsa. It will be noticed that the word 'ipsa' should be placed next to the word it refers to. 'Self' as a noun is translated by 'persono': My whole slef. - mea tota persono. How to use "quale and kom" adequately:-------------------------------------- A quale B .... A and B are similar but not the same character. Quale means ... (in comparison) as, like : as in the manner of Matro quale mortinta patro reprimandis sua kindi*' ma ne suficante bone. (kindi* : children) A kom B .... A and B are the same character with different qualities Kom means ... as in the capacity, character, role, quality of : being in the capacity, character, role, quality of : to be in the capacity, character, role, quality of Patro anke kom matro sorgis sua kindi*, nam ja mortabis la matro. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX A letter for a French Idist: pri la difero "qua" e "quo" ------------------- Itere a Sro Loi"c LANDAIS: ========================================================================= Sro Loi"c LANDAIS: Yen mea antea letro por granda difero inter qua e quo. ========================================================================= > From: "Loic Landais" > Date: Sat Dec 6, 2003 9:22 pm > Subject: Dio-Proverbo > > Kara Jean, > Me remarkis segun me eroro pri la Dio-Proverbo di hiera Diala Jurnaleto > : "Omno quo brilas ne esas oro ". > Ka ne esus plu bone skribar > "Omno qua brilas ne esas oro " od "Omna to qua brilas ne esas oro"? > Kordiale Loik Quankam me sporadike lektas IdoListo, tamen nek me nek Sro Jean MARTIGNON pluse esas membri di IdoListo. Do povesar ke lu ne lektas vua questiono.. From: "Bebson Y. TAKATA" Date: Sun Jun 8, 2003 6:22 pm Subject: Qua e quo? ============================================== Sro Christophe GAUBERT: quo = qua'ns kontenajo ============================================== Me sendas mea anciena e sequanta letro por vu. ============================================== Sro Eduardo A. RODI:Por klimar monteto di quo. ============================================== >On ya vidas ke multa homi mem ocidas por kelka >monet-peci. Ed en la televiziono (adminime en >mea lando) on vidas homi facanta kozi mokinda >po premii pekunia. >Do forsan la ideo pri kordio militista esas nur >traito kulturale impozita al homaro. On pensas >ke suceso esas suceso materiala, aparar en tel- >eviziono (facante irgo) esas maxim granda revo >por multi. Quante plu stupida on esas e montras >su, plu multe on esas aceptita. Pensar esas kon- >siderata neutila. Ed on devas facar nur to quan >omni facas (precipue le sucesoza). E la sucesoza >ya militas ed esas violentema. Do on mustas esar >violentema, se on volas sucesar quale li. Quo esas "quo"? Quo esa la kontenajo di "qua". On devas facar to quon omni facas. On devas facar to di qua kontenajon omni facas. Qua esas la pacifisto? La duesma de la dextra. Quo esas la pacifisto? Vera prejanto por paco. Qua esas do la pacifisto? Lu esas Sro E. RODI. Me ne komprenas to quon vu prejas(insistas). Me ne komprenas to di qua kontenajon vu dicas. Me ne komprenas "nur" to quan vu prejas. Me komprenas l'altra kozi quin vu dicas, tamen me ne povas komprenar nur to "quan" vu prejas. >Ed on devas facar nur to quan omni facas ... >(precipue le sucesoza). Hike vu semblas gramatikale justa, pro ke ... >Ed on devas ne facar "l'altra nenecesa kozi", >ma on devas facar "nur" to quan omni facas .. >(precipue le sucesoza). Se vu uzus "quon" vice "quan" .... >Ed on devas facar nur to quon omni facas ... >(precipue le sucesoza). Co dicus .... >On devas facar nur to quon (nejusta ma profi- >tebla kozi=la kontenajo) omni facas (precipue >le sucesoza). Co anke dicus .... >On devas facar "anke egale bone" to quon omni >facas (precipue le sucesoza). // Pro ke "nur" hike kun sequanta "quon" ma ne "quan" aspektas a me retorikale egalesar ya "anke egale bone". ----------------------------------------------- Sro Eduardo A. RODI respondis quale .... ----------------------------------------------- >Me ne bone komprenas vua expliko. >Kom relativi, me uzis "qua/i(n)" kande esis >"antecedento"(substantivo avana a qua la pro- >nomo referas), e me uzis "quo(n)", kande ne >esis tala substantivo, quale la Angla "that/ >which/who" vice "what": >>> I didn't understand the EXPLANATION (that) you offered to me. Me ne komprenis la EXPLIKO quan vu ofris a me. >>> I didn't understand what you explained to me. Me ne komprenis quon vu explikis a me. > BYT respondis de la sequanta frazo .... >Ka ta uzado esas nekorekta?//99% korekta ma.. Me dicus en la duesma frazo... Me ne komprenis to quon vu explikis a me. Me ne komprenis la EXPLIKO quan vu ofris a me. Onu ne parolas la kontenajo di la explko en la unesma frazo. Kande me a vu dicadis multa kozi inkluzante expliko, jokajo e mem prediko edc.: Me komprenis la jokajo quan vu ofris a me. Me komprenis ma ne prizas la prediko quan... Me ne komprenis la expliko quan vu ofris a me. Vu indikas la expliko inter multa kozi de me. Me ne komprenis to quon vu explikis a me. Me ne selektas vua expliko inter multa kozi. Existas nur la expliko avan me. Kande tamen me esforcas pensar pri la kontenajo di l'expliko, me tote ne komprenis to quon vu predikis a me. En ta kazo, vu do anke povas dicar quale... Me ne komprenis l'expliko quon vu dicis a me. Me ne komprenis l'expliko qua'ns kontenajon vu vane esforcas koaktar aden mea bonega cerebro. **** Lesson 24 - Duadek-e-quaresma Leciono ************************************ The Conjugation:--------------------------------------------------------------- How to translate SHALL:-------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it is a simple future, use -os: I shall be here tomorrow. - Me esos hike morge. (2) If it means "duty", use 'devar' or the imperative: He shall do it. - Ilu devas facar lo. Thou shalt not bear false witnes. - Tu ne false atestez. How to translate WILL:--------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it is a simple future, use -os: He will write to yo. - Ilu skribos a vu. (2) If it means "emphasis", use 'ya' with future: I will do it. - Me ya facos lo. (3) If it means 'to be willing', 'to be so good', use 'voluntar': Will you do me a favour? - Ka vu volutas facar favoro a me?\ (4) As a frequentative, it is not translated (except by a periphrase or by -ad-): Sometimes he will look in of an evening. Kelka-foye ilu venas vizitar ni en la vespero. ...or Eventas kelka-foye ke ilu venas vizitar ni. ...or Ilu vizitadias ni vespere. How to translate SHOULD:------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it is a simple conditionasl, use -us: I should be glad to have it. Me esus felica havar ol, or, Se me havus ol. (2) If it means 'ought', use 'devas': You should write to them. - Vu devas skribar a li. When really conditional, 'devus' not 'devas' is used. Compare "You ought (devas) to do it if you can." (possible) and "You ought (devus) to do if if you could." (not probable). (3) At beginning of the sentence, use 'se' with future: Should you require my services. - Se vu bezonos mea servi. How to translate WOULD:-------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it is a simple conditional, use -us: He would not forget it. - Ilu ne oblivius ol. (2) If it means "insistence", use 'volis' (=did want): I tried to stop him, but he would do it. Me probis haltigar il, ma ilu volis facar ol. (3) If it means "habit", use -ad-: She would sit on that little chair. - Elu sidadis sur ta stuleto. (4) In the phrase 'would that', use either 'Se nur' with conditional or 'Deo volez ke' with imperative: Would that we were younger again! - Se nur ni esus itere yuna. Would that peace reigned everywhere! - Deo volez ke paco omna-loke regnez! How to translate MAY:---------------------------------------------------------- (1) If it means 'perhaps', use 'forsan': It may rain. - Forsan pluvos. It may be so. - Forsan esas tale. (2) If it means "permission", use 'darfar' or a periphrase: May I come in? - Ka me darfas en-venar? You may not do it (=you are not allowed to do it.) - Vu ne darfas facar ol. You may not do it (=perhaps you won't do it.) - Forsan vu ne facos ol. How to translate MUST:--------------------------------------------------------- (1) With a personal subject, use the personal verb 'mustar': I must go. - Me mustas departar. (2) When the subject cannot, or need not, be expressed use the impersonal verb 'oportar': We must go now. - Oportas departar nun. (3) Sometimes an adjective in -end suffices: A book that must be read. - Libro lektenda. How to translate CAN AFFORD:--------------------------------------------------- (1) afordar* (= can afford) : posedar suficanta tempo, pekunio, moyeni edc. I can't afford the time, nor the money. - Me ne afordas (facar lo) per la tempo, nek per la pekunio. I can't afford a car. - Me ne afordas havar automobilo. I cannot afford to die yet. - Me ankore ne afordas mortar. I can afford to be frank. - Me afordas dicar libere e honeste. (2) In other verbs than afordar* I can't afford the time. - Me ne povas trovar la tempo libera. I can't afford it. - Mea moyeni ne permisas . Me ne povas sustenar o suportar la spensi di. Me ne esas sat richa. Frequentative Form:------------------------------------------------------------ The word 'used to', when it really means "a habit", is translated by affix -ad: We used to walk up and down for hours. - Ni iradis e venadis dum hori. Change of Tense:--------------------------------------------------------------- (1) In Ido tenses do not govern each other: I thought it was raining. - Me pensis ke pluvas. (= I thought that is is raining. "It is raining", I thougt.) He found she was tired. - Ilu trovis ke elu esas fatigita. (= He found that she is tired - at the time he found it.) (2) The English present perfect with date is translated by present tense and the word 'since'. I have known it these four days. - Me savas lo de quar dii. (= I know it from four days.) I have been here two months. - Me esas hike de du monati. I had been in Rome a week when I received your letter. (= I was in Rome from a week ...) Me esis en Roma de un semano, kande me recevis vua letro. (3) The English preterite with 'for' equals a past tense with 'dum'. I was there for two months (=during two months). Me esis ibe dum du monati. She used it for one year. - Elu uzis oll dum un yaro. Tagged Questions and the like:------------------------------------------------- The following examples will explain better than any rule how to translate sentences of the sort: Are you tired? - Ka vu esas fatigita? I am not tired. - Me ne esas fatigita. You are tired, aren't you? - Vu eass fatigita, ka ne? You aren't tired, are you? - Vu ne esas fatigita, ka yes? I am not tired; are you? - Me ne esas fatigita; ka vu (esas)? I am tired; aren't you? - Me esas fatigita; ka vu ne (esas)? He is tired, isn't he? - Ilu esas fatigita, ka ne? He isn't tired, is he? - Ilu ne esas fatigita, ka yes? I have finished; have you? - Me ja finis; ka vu (anke)? I have! - Me anke! Has he? - Kad ilu (anke)? He hasn't. - Ilu ne. You'll come, won't you? - Vu venos, ka ne? She won't come; will you? - Elu ne volas venar; ka vu volas? I don't know, I am sure. - Me tote ne savas. Oh! do! please! - Ho, yes! (venez) me pregas! XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Note: Some Idists use "ka No?" for "ka ne?" and "kad Yes?" for "ka yes?" Bluto, Tu esas ne'polita, ka No? No, me ne esas ne'polita, Popeye. or .... Bluto, Tu esas ne'polita, ka Ne? No, me ne esas ne'polita, Popeye. Olive, Tu ne esas ne'polita, kad Yes? Ma Yes, me deziras esar ne'polita precipue por tu, Bluto. or .... Olive, Tu ne esas ne'polita, ka yes? Ma Yes, me deziras esar ne'polita precipue por tu, Bluto. How to translate "it":--------------------------------------------------------- It was in 1989 that the Berlin Wall was taken down. Esis en 1989 (l'evento) ke la muro Komunismal di Berlin demolisesis. It is a virtue never to tell a lie. Esas vertuo jame* (nulkande) mentiar. = Jame* mentiar esas vertuo. There is a virtue of never telling a lie. Esas vertuo di jame* mentiar. = Vertuo di jame* mentiar existas. I found the dress beautiful.:-------------------------------------------------- I found the beautiful dress. = Me trovis la bela robo. I found the dress beautiful. = Me trovis la robo esar/ye bela. Me trovis ke la tigro esas kuranta. = Me trovis la tigro kuranta? No! = Me trovis la kuranta tigro. Do (then) -> Me trovis la tigro esar/ye kuranta. Hiere nokte me trovis tu esar/ye bela en ta robo. = Hiere nokte me trovis ke tu esas bela en ta robo. Substantivo + (di)?+ infinitivo:----------------------------------------------- Me trovis la tigro kurar. = Me trovis ke la tigro kuras. La soldato trovis la loko mortar? No! La loko ne mortas. Do (then) -> La soldato trovis la loko di mortar.