Ido for All

**** Lesson 27 - Duadek-e-sepesma Leciono ************************************* Passive Voice translated by On/Onu:-------------------------------------------- When the speaker does not want to name, or does not know, the author of an action, he states it in the passive voice in English, but In Ido, the indefinite pronoun is used: The father is loved. - Onu amas la patro. This avoids such passive constructions as: He was not told the whole truth. - Onu ne dicis ad ilu la tota verajo. Sometimes, instead of the passive voice, a pronoun is used in English; the pronoun 'we' is used when the speaker wants to associate himself with the statement: We are all mortal. - Ni omna esas mortiva. But when the statement applies to everybody, 'on/onu' should be used: When we hear but one bell, we hear but one sound. Kande onu audas nur un klosho, onu audas nur un sono. The same is true of the pronouns 'they','you' and the expressions 'people', 'somebody': They manage those things better in America. Onu administras ta kozi plu bone en Amerika. You cannot eat your cake and have it. Onu en povas manjar sua kuko e konservar ol. People say it its their own fault. - Onu dicas ke olu esas lia propra kulpo. A man is not always lucky. - Onu ne sempre esas fortunoza. Prepositon before Infinitive:-------------------------------------------------- Any preposition can be used before an infinitive, as the infinitive is the equivalent of a noun: ( e.g. a place for study - loko por studio ) A place for studying - Loko por studiar Without sleeping. - Sen dormar. Without sleep. - Sen dormo. Before starting. - Ante departar. Before depature. - Ante departo. Without having spoken. - Sen parolir. Preposition 'to' is not translated if it is part of the infinitive: I want to come. - Me volas venar. If it means 'in order to', use 'por': He wrote to come. - Ilu skribis por venar. If you could use the form in -ing with nearly the same sense, the 'por' is not necessary: To be or not to be (= being or not being) - Esar o ne esar. After an adjective, 'to' means neither 'in order to' nor an infinitive: Easy to learn (= easily learnable). - Facile lernebla. Difficult to understand. - Desfacile komprenebla. They have only themselves to blame. - Li ipsa esas sola blaminda. Impersonal Verbs:-------------------------------------------------------------- Verbs like 'to rain','to snow','to hail' have no real subject; therefore the English pronoun 'it' is not translated: It rains. - Pluvas. It snowed. - Nivis. It is going to hail. - Esas balde grelonta. The same is true when the pronoun 'it' does not refer to anything: It is you. - Esas vu. "I am cold.".... Translate such phrases by means of 'sentar'. to feel, used reflexively: Me sentas me kom(=) kolda. Vu sentos vu kom(=) tro varma. You could use "ye" instead of "kom" as in ... Me sentas me ye kolda (kondiciono). Vu sentos vu ye tro varma (situeso). "There is, there are.".... These are simply translated by the verb 'to be', the real subject being the word that follows: There is a hil outside the town. - Esas kolino exter la urbo. - Existas (there is) kolino exter la urbo. There are twelve hens in the cage. - Esas dek-e-du hanini en la kajo. - Existas (there is) dek-e-du hanini en la kajo. But when 'there is' points to a person or thing, use 'yen': There he is (= There he comes!). - Yen ilu venas! Time of Day:- review ---------------------------------------------------------- 'An hour' is 'horo', but time by the clock is expressed by 'kloko', 'kloki': What time is it? - Qua kloko esas? It is two o'clock. - Esas du kloki. At half-past two. - Ye du kloki e duimo. Always reckon quarters and minutes from the last hour, not to the next one: A quarter to eight. - Sep kloki e tri quarimi, (quaradek-e-kin minuti). Twentyu to ten (= 9:40). - Non kloki quaradek. Continental timetables, etc., reckon up to 24 o'clock (midnight): Twelve noon. - Dek-e-du kloki. One p.m. - Dek-e-tri kloki. Arithmetic:- review ----------------------------------------------------------- The words 'plus','minus', 'multiplied by', 'divided by', are translated plus (pronounced [plus]), minus [MIN-us], per [perr], sur [surr]: 2 + 3 - 1, du plus tri minus un. 4 x 2 = 8, quar per du facas ok. or, tet*(=4) per du esas/es ok. 9 / 3 = 3, non sur tri facas tri. *An alias of number 'quar' is 'tet*', abbreviated form of 'tetra', Greek four. For rapid mental arithmetic you can pronounce 'tet' rather faster than 'quar'. You can use tet* when calculating with a soroban, a Japanese abacus. Days, Months, etc.:- review --------------------------------------------------- The names of the days of the week are (usually no caitals): Sundio, lundio, mardio, merkurdio, jovdio, venerdio, saturdio. The names of the months are (also usually no capitals): Januaro, februaro, marto, aprilo, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septembro (7th?), oktobro (8th?), novembro (9th?), decembro (10th?). The other names of the last four months would be: sepTemBRo - bofronto*, oKTobRo - kuturato*, NOvEMbro - zamenofo*, decembro - yar'exodo*. Januaro (1), februaro (2), marto (3), aprilo (4), mayo (5), junio (6), julio (7), agosto (8), bofronto* (9), kuturato* (10), zamenofo* (11), yar'exodo* (12). The names of the seasons are: Printempo, somero, autuno, vintro. The international hotel custom is followed in naming the chief meals" Breakfast - dejuneto, lunch - luncho*, dinner - dineo, supper - supeo. The corresponding verbs are: dejunar, lunchar*, dinear, supear. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Quon signifikas "ergativa" verbi?:---------------------------------------- Ergativa verbi esas verbi quala komencar' cesar' finar e turnar, quin onu darfas uzar kom verbi transitiva ed anke ne-transitiva segun la okazinoi. Anke la verbo "durar" esas ergativa segun de BEAUFRONT, ma ne segun DYER. Verbo ergativa: Kande la objekto di verbo povas divenar anke la subjekto di la sama verbo en ne-transitiva uzo, onu dicas ke la verbo esas ergativa. (<-ergo Grk.) Me komencas la muziko. -> La muziko komencas. Me cesas la pleo. -> La pleo cesas. Me finas la laboro. -> La laboro finas. Me turnas la roto di riinkarnaco. -> La roto di riinkarnaco turnas. Augmentar, flexar, startar esas anke verbi ergativa. Me duras/durigas la kombato. -> La kombato duras. Tamen: Plezar (verbo transitiva/ne-transitiva): La muziko plezas (a) me. Quankam ca verbo esas amba, la verbo "plezar" ne esas ergativa. La muziko plezas (a) me. -> Me prizas (ne plezas) la muziko. Sarah plezas (a) Moyshe. -> Moyshe prizas Sarah, quankam il ne plezas el. **** Lesson 28 - Duadek-e-okesma Leciono ************************************** List of Principal Conjunctions:------------------------------------------------ ED, E, and: OD, O, or: OD ... OD, either ... or: NEK, nor: NEK ... NEK, neither ...nor: OR, now (in argument) NAM, for (=because): DO, then, so (=therefore): MA, but: TAMEN, however, nevertheless, yet: YEN, here is, here are: LORE ... LORE, now ... then KAD, KA, (question word) whether: KE, that: SE, if: SIVE ... SIVE, whether ...or: SE NE, if not: SE ... NUR, NUR SE, provided that: ECEPTE SE, unless: QUALE SE, as though QUANKAM, although: PRO QUO? why?: POR QUO? what for?: DE KANDE, as soon as, since when: POR NE, lest (with infinitive): Compound Conjunctions:--------------------------------------------------------- In addition to the conjunctions formed from prepositions by adding 'ke', many can be formed from adverbs in the same way: TALE KE, so that, in such a way that: TANTE KE, so much that: TAM LONGE KE, as long as: KAZE KE, in case: KONDICIONE KE, on condition that: UNFOYE KE, once that: OMNAFOYE KE, each time that: TAM OFTE KE, as often as: TIME KE, for fear that: TANTE PLU ... KE, all the more ... that: QUANTE PLU ... TANTE PLU, the more ... the more: QUANTE MIN ... TANTE MIN, the less ... the less: TANTE PLU BONE KE, all the better ... because: A few examples will help to understand the value of the most difficult, and show how many others not given above can be formed. The general rule is that "every word means one definite idea", and can be combined with another word also meaning "one definite idea", to form the exact equivalent of any English phrase consisting of two or more words that have often lost their original meaning: SE means 'if', NUR means 'only', SE NUR (=if only) is translated 'provided that'. DE means 'from', KANDE means 'when', DE KANDE is translated 'since when?' or 'how long?'. PRO means 'on account of', QUO means 'what thing', PRO QUO is translated 'why?' QUIK means 'immediately', KANDE means 'when', QUIK KANDE is translated 'as soon as'. PRO means 'on account of', TO means 'that (thing)'. PRO TO is translated 'that's why'. QUANTE means 'so much', MIN means 'less', TANTE means 'thus much', QUANTE MIN ... TANTE MIN is translated 'the less ... the less'. E.g. - Quante min me manjas, tante min me drinkas. The less I eat, the less I drink. De kande vu lojas hike? Me lojas hike de un monato. How long have you lived here? I have lived here one month. De kande ilu arivis ... - As soon as he arrived ... Apene ilu arivis, kande elu klozis la pordo. He no sooner arrived than she closed the door. Exempli:------------------------------------------- Prepare a room in case he comes (should come). - Preparez chambro pro la kazo se ilu venus. In case he comes (will come), show him in. - En la kazo ke ilu venos, enduktez ilu. Very well; we'll take our umbrellas, in case it begins again. - Bone; ni prenos nia parapluvi, kaze ke olu rikomencus. And:--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Very often, between an imperative and an infinitive, 'and' cannot be translated by 'ed': Take care and behave yourself, Take care that you behave yourself. Sorgez ke vu kondutas bone. Be careful and see that he does it, Carefully see that he does it. Sorge atencez ke ilu facas ol. Be sure and come, Fail not to come. - Ne faliez venar. As:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The word 'as' conveys so many different ideas, that several examples of its use are necessary: He came in as I spoke (=while I spoke). - Ilu envenis dum ke me parolis. It happened as I told you (=in the way in which I told you). Lo eventis quale me predicis a vu. They were as like as two peas (comparison). Li esis tam simila kam du pizi. Li tam similesis una a l'altra kam du pizi. Great as he is, he is not infallibel (=although he is great). Quankam ilu esas granda, ilu esas eroriva. Much as I regret it.. (=however much ..) - Irge quante me regretas olu ... Such as have anything to say .. (=those who) - Ti qui havas ulo dicenda .. It's pluck as does it (=which causes success). La audaco esas to quo sucesigas. As you are angry, you should not speak (=because you are angry). Pro ke vu iracas, vu devas silencar. Kom and Quale:---(IFA23)------------------------------------------------------- These both translate 'as', or 'like', but while 'kom' implies identity, 'quale' only marks resemblance: He was received like a king. (and he was a king). - Ilu esis aceptata kom rejo. (though he was not a king). - Ilu esis aceptata quale rejo. He appeared as Hamlet (in the character of Hamlet). Ilu aparis quale Hamlet. But, Ilu aparis kom Hamlet (in the theatre). I do not speak as an expert (as one who was an expert would). Me ne parolas kom experto. Nor:--------------------------------------------------------------------------- At the beginning of a sentence or clause, 'nor' means: 'and not' Nor was he tired. - Ed ilu ne esis fatigita. Nor ... either is translated 'nek ... anke': I am not tired, nor he either. - Me ne esas fatigita, nek ilu anke. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Ek la unesma chapitro dil Injenioza Hidalgo DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA ---------- Ula vilajo-n en la Mancha, di qua nomon me preferas ne memorigar, ne tre multa tempo ante nun habitis hidalgo, qua havis sen-uza lanco, anciena shildo, tenua kavalo e kurema levriero. Why "ula vilajon" but not "ula vilajo"? Because .... "Ula vilajon" here really means "En ula vilajo". "-n" can replace an appropriate but suppressed preposition. Me pensas la ideo. -> Me pensas pri la ideo. -> Pri la ideo me pensas. -> La ideon me pensas -> Me pensas la ideon. = Me pensas pri la ideo. Pri la sufixo -oro* ----------------------------------------------------------- From: "Bebson Y. TAKATA" Date: Fri Oct 9, 1998 5:40 pm Subject: Mea repliko esis nesuficanta e mem miskomprenigiva. ************************************************************************ Estimata e Beste vriend Sro Hans STUIFBERGEN: quale "poeto e poemo" ************************************************************************ Mea repliko esis nesuficanta e mem miskomprenigiva. Pardono! La komputoro* komputas* la maxim bona (chipa por me) voyo. Konduktoro esas persono qua konduktas taktikoze situeso/i a sua skopo -ilo : instrumento, qua facas ago indikitaa per la verba radiko. -oro : mashino, mashino kun karaktero..., roboto* ed anke persono, qua per taktiko esforcas bone atingar kelka parti di skopo indikita per la verba radiko da karaktero dop la ceno. oro : mineralo, qua per nobleso montras la granda skopo di minerali. AspirAToro esas aparato qua aspiras aspirATajo por certena skopo e do generale aspiras taktikale ulo dezirATa o nedezirATa. Do onu povus uzar simple o lejere aspiroro* vice(anstat*) aspirAToro. AkumulAToro esas aparato qua akumulas akumulATajo por certena skopo e normale akumulas taktikale ulo por futurala uzi o kalkulo. Do onu anke povus neoficale uzar akumuloro* vice(anstat*) akumulAToro. Kande onu konsideras ke objekto di verbo esas specala od importanta, onu uzas -AToro* ed onu uzas simpla -oro* kande onu ne pensas tale. Pliz* laudez me pro ke per mea "ordinara" cerebro me pensabas kompromiso bona por mea amiko inter vu e granda cerebristo Sro James CHANDLER. O ka vu reprimandos B.Y.T. pri ica rakonto Barono-Muenchhausen-atra? ------------------------------------------------------------------------- **** Lesson 29 - Duadek-e-nonesma Leciono ************************************* List of Principal Adverbs:----------------------------------------------------- MAXIM(E), most: MINIM(E), least: PLUSE, further, moreover: MAXIM ... POSIBLE, most .. possible: maxim granda posible - the greatest possible MINIM(E) ... POSIBLE, least .. possible: TAM .. KAM POSIBLE, as .. as possible: ADMAXIME, at the most: ADMINIME, at least: PROXIME, approximately, near: KELKE, a little: POKE, little: SAT(E), enough: TRO, too much: SAM-TEMPE, at the same time: NUL-TEMPE, never: SEMPRE, always: KUNE, together: NUN, now: ANTE NUN, ago, before now OLIM, once upon a time, formerly: FRUE, early: TARDE, late: ERSTE, only, no earlier than: CA-DIE, today: HIERE, yesterday: MORGE, tomorrow: CA-VESPERE, this evening: PRE-HIERE, the day before yesterday: POS-MORGE, the day after tomorrow: JUS, just (in the past): QUIK, at once, immediately: ANKORE, still: JA, already: NE .. JA, not yet: INTERNE, inside: EXTERE, outside: SUPRE, up, upstairs: INFRE, down, below: AVANE, in front: DOPE, behind: RETRO, backwards: DEXTRE, on the right: SINISTRE, on the left: FORE, far away: CIRKUME, around: FORSAN, perhaps: KOMPRENENDE, of course: KOMPRENEBLE, of course: MEM, even; still (with comparative): YA, indeed: NUR, only: PRECIPUE, chiefly: APARTE, apart, separately: ITERE, anew, afresh, again: OKAZIONE (DI), apropos (of): OPORTUNE, by the way, by the bye: BUT:--------------------------------------------------------------------------- The word 'but' can be (1) a conjunction, joining two statements; (2) a preposition, before a noun or a pronoun in the objective case; (3) an adverb, explaining a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; (4) a pronoun, subject of a verb; (5) a verb, expressing an action; (6) a noun, expressisng a thing done: (1) I like peas, but I do not like beans. Me prizas pizi, 'ma' me ne prizas fazeoli. (2) All but him like it. - Omni 'ecepte' ilu prizis ol. (3) I had but one friend. - Me havis 'nur' un amiko. (4) There is no one but loves her. - 'Nulu' esasa 'qua' ne amas elu. (5)(6) But me no buts. - No 'opozez' a me 'kontre-dici'. EVER:-------------------------------------------------------------------------- The word 'ever' may mean (1) all time, always (2) at any time: (1) The Maple-leaf for ever. - La acer-folio por sempre. I shall love you for ever. - Me amos vu sempre, sempre. (2) If he ever comes, ... - Se ilu ul-tempe venos, ... Ever, in compound words like 'whenever', 'wherever', 'whoever', is translated 'irge', 'irga', etc.: Do whatever you like. - Facez irgo quon vu volas. Whatever might be his anger... - Irge quala/quanta esas ilua iraco. Whoever they may be ... - Irge qui ilu esas ... Whenever I hear the birds singing, - Irge kande me audas la uceli kantar, Whichever is here, - Irge qua esas hike, Give me anything whatever, - Donez a me irgo. Let it be ever so small, - Irge quante mikra olu esos, We have bought ever such a tiny cottage, - Ni kompris tote mikra rurdometo. JUST:-------------------------------------------------------------------------- The word 'just' can be (1) an adjective meaning 'correct', translated 'justa'; (2) an adjective meaning 'righteous', translated 'yusta'; (3) an adverb meaning 'the moment before now', translated 'jus'; (4) an adverb meaning 'the moment now coming', translated 'quik'; (5) an adverb meaning 'exactly', translated 'exakte','juste': (1) He made a very just remark. - Ilu facis tre justa remarko. (2) Be just and fear not. - Esez yusta e ne timez. (3) She has just come. - EL jus arivis. (4) She is just coming. - Elu esas nun venanta (quik venonta). I will just do it, and then I am ready. Me quik facos lo, e lore me esos pronta. (5) It's just the thing I want. - Olu esas juste to quon me deziras. BOTH:-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'Both', as a pronoun, is translated 'we two', 'they two', 'the two': as an adverb, 'at the same time together'; or, im many cases, by the use of 'also': They both went to the station. - Li du iris a la staciono. We were both agreed. - Ni du konkordis. Both the men were drunk. - Omna du viri esis ebria. Both I and my brother think so. - Me ed anke mea frato opinionas tale. All the tourists were both hungry and thirsty. Omna turisti sam-tempe hungris e durstis. The address was both on the paper and on the envelope. La adreso esis sur la papero ed anke sur la kuverto. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Por ganar nova vorti e pri l'akademio --- de letri da BYT --------------------- Me ne esas tam pesimista kam Sro JM pri la necesa vorti por moderna vivi. La oficaleso esas ya valida por la granda lingui quala la Franca edc. Pro quo tamen l'oficaleso dil omna Idal vorti? Por mikra e febla linguo quala Ido, qua havas nur manuedo de Idisti vere kompetenta, l'oficaleso esas ma simpla luxozeso, quan ni tote ne afordas posedar. Quon do agar? Unesme vu darfas uzar vorti pruntota de nia mi'frato Esperanto o vua nova inventuri e devos vidar ka la majoritato de Idisti sequos vu o ne. Se la majoritato ne imitos vu, duesme vu povos serchar la vorti inventita de altra Idisti. Co esas anke la metodo dal majoritato del Japoni, qua uzesas en la Japona linguo, quankam existas autentika akademio dil Japona' mem granda linguo. Ni imitez la Japoni kun suficanta komuna sajeso' pri quale uzeskar en Ido vorti necesa por nova e moderna koncepti. Me ipsa de'longe ignorabas ULI. Kompreneble ni mustas afrontar kelka konfuzeso, exemple pri "news" Angla: ni nun havas novajo, novumo e nuntio. Tala konfuzeso des'aparos kande onu parolos Ido lore kom vere internaciona linguo. Ni esez libera til ta dio. Ka vu ankore insistas ke vua povra Ido esas pro vua manko di bona lexiki? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Avan omno esas la uzado ta qua decidas prefere kam dekreti desupre. ** Dum ke Soviet-Uniono degeneradis sub projetita ekonomio desupre, landi di Kapitalismo prosperadis sub "laissez-faire", pro ke la merkati decidadis. BYT ne vartas irga dekreti por ganar vorti, pro ke lu fidas a la merkati. Kande necesa, lu sempre pruntas nova vorti precipue e prefere de IdoStab: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/idostab/ Do kelkatempe lu pozas * chel dezineci di tala vorti, ma kelkatempe ne. E mea steleto ne signifikas ke la vorto ne esas oficala, ma olu nur montras ke la vorto ne facile trovesas en ordinara vortari, pro ke olu esas nova. Ido ja havas suficanta vorti fundamentala. Por ganar nova vorti me kredas ke onu devas fidar a la merkati prefere kam ad ula akademio autoritatoza. Do ne l'akademio ma la merkato selektos apta vorto por "news Angla" inter novajo, novumo e nuntio. Me uzis la lasta e vartos la decido dil merkato. BYT ne esas sub "projetita ekonomio" desupre, ma nur sub "laissez-faire". Ido bezonas kreskar en kondiciono ne Soviet-Union'atra ma libera Europal. Do mem "kande" povus divenar "quande" en la futuro, se omni parolus tale. ** Avan omno esas la uzado ta qua decidas prefere kam dekreti desupre. ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pro quo Ido esas forta? ========================================================================= Sro Jacques DEHE'E: Parce que pluie du matin n'arre^te pas le pe`lerin. ========================================================================= > La Ocitana esas un linguo qua sufras multe pro ke nultempe olu havis > akademio. La linguo esas dividita aden multa dialekti' ed omna dialekti > aden multa sub'dialekti. Dialekti ne esas granda problemo. En Norvegia trovesas du granda dialekti qui uzesas kom l'oficala lingui di Norvegia. Ed en Germania onu proklamas ke Germania havas un oficala linguo di Germania. Ma fakte onu libere uzas sua propra dialekto omna'die ube lu laboras e manjas e pluse diskutas' ma uzas la oficala Germana nur kande lu mustas o devas esar specale formala. En Japonia onu audas multa dialekti parolata en TV, e facile komprenas la dramati od amuzivaji. Nur en Francia onu devas adherar a Parisana linguo. En Idia onu anke darfas uzar kelke deviacata Ido. Lo esas perfekte okida! Tamen lu gradope uzeskos plu modelatra Ido kande lu deziros esar populara inter Idisti plu talentoza kam su ipsa. Ido esas plu forta kam l'Ocitana. Pro ke en InterReto onu povas trovar sua mastro di Ido kande vere necesa. Quankam febla, lingui ne'oficial quala l'Ocitana havas de'naska parolanti de diversa dialekti. Singla parolanti kredas ke la sua esas la maxim bona inter la dialekti pro ke li esas sua propra mastro di sua propra linguo e ne bezonas adherar a la normala linguo sur'plusita se l'akademio existus. Tamen Ido ne havas sua de'naska parolanti. Omna Idisti esforcas lernar la linguo "de pied d'une colline" per libro o sub la mastro. Qua de li povus krear bona dialekto de l'Ido quan Sro Jean MARTIGNON, Sro Fernando TEJO'N e BYT esforcas polisar omna'die? Kad onu trovos tala genio en nia futuro? Me ne kredas tale. Maxim regretinde vu ne esas ta genio qua afordas ganor la granda majoritato del futura Idisti per vua ankore povra Ido, kad Yes? **** Lesson 30 - Triadekesma Leciono ****************************************** Order of Words:---------------------------------------------------------------- Generallly speaking, the English order of words is the clearest since English, having few iflexions, has to arrange its words logically, subject, verb, object: I love him. - Me amas ilu. The adjective (if there is only one, and not too long) is bettter placed before the noun: A long way. - Longa voyo. (Voyo longa would also be correct.) Adverbs are also normally placed before the word they modify: He truly said he fully understood. - Ilu vere dicis ke ilu tote komprenas. The adverbs 'ne' and 'tre' must always be placed before their word: I like him very much. - Me tre amas ilu. Not entirely (=not quite). - Ne tote. Entirely not (=not at all). - Tote ne. Accusative:--(IFA28)----------------------------------------------------------- Any noun, adjective, or pronoun can be made an accusative, but only when it is the direct object of a verb and placed before the subject. This is done by adding an -n: A fine story, he told me! - Bela rakonton ilu facis a me! It was they that I called. - Lin me vokis. The pronoun 'il','el','ol', are abbreviations for 'ilu','elu','olu', and their accusatives would be 'ilun','elun','olun': She it was whom I loved so! - Elun me tante amis! But the accusative is not necessary, if the object is preceded by the subject: I saw them (=I them saw). - Me li vidis. 'Me lin vidis.' would be clearer. It would be recommended to use the accusative whenever the object comes before (on the left side of) the verb. e.g. I love you. - Me tun amoras. Compound Words:---------------------------------------------------------------- Nouns can be united as in English to do away with a preposition: A tea-cup (=a cup for tea). - te-taso (=taso por teo). A steam-ship. - vapor-navo. The -o- between the words depends on the euphony: skribo-tablo or skrib-tablo, but tablo-tuko (not tabl-tuko). The hyphen is often better inserted: fervoyo-vagono (rather than fervoyovagono). When the compopund is formed with adjectives or adverbs, it may be useful to write the termination: English-speaking people. - Angle-parolanti. Sky-blue - Ciel-blua. Sunburnt - Sun-brulita A dark-eyed, curly-headed little boy. Nigr-okula loklo-hara pueruleto. Compound words formed with prepositons take the prepositon first and remain in the same order as in English: Subterranean - Sub-tera Such compound words do not require the usual affixes, as the relation is expressed by the preposition: national - nacionala, international - internaciona Again: natural - naturala, supernatural - supernatura, because -ala means 'pri', naturala -> pri naturo, fenomeno supernatura -> fenomeno super naturo, so 'fenomeno supernaturala' would be 'fenomeno pri super naturo'. In compound words formed by a prepostion and a verb, care should be taken not to let the compound form alter the object of the verb. For instance: I see the stones at the bottom through the water. Me vidas la stoni di la fundo tra la aquo, becomes as a compound: Me tra-vidas la stoni di la fundo en la aquo (not: me travidas la aquo). The adjective 'travidebla', therefore, cannot mean 'transparent': it only applies to the stones, and means 'visible through (the water).' The word 'transparent' is 'diafana': Stoni travidebla tra diafana aquo. Mixed Verbs:--(IFA27)---------------------------------------------------------- Many verbs, in the L.I. as in English, can be transitive or intransitive: Mea laboro komencas, duras, cesas (intransitive); Me komencas, duras, cesas mea laboro, or, laborar (transitive). Impersonal Verbs:-------------------------------------------------------------- The following are used without a subject, and are followed by an infinitive: oportas = it is necessary. importas = it is important. konvenas = it is convenient. decas = it is proper. suficas = it is sufficient. Oportas levar ni frue morte. - We must get up early tomorrow. It is necessary to raise ourselves early tomorrow. Other impersona verbs can be formed by the use of 'esar' with an adjective: Esas utila vakuigar la barelo. - It is useful to empty the barrel. Derivation:-------------------------------------------------------------------- The logical relation of words must be strictly adhered to in derivation. We can not, for example derive the verb 'to address', to from the noun 'address', except by means of the affix -iz, to cover with: adreso -> adresizar We cannot derive the verb 'to brush', from brush; the root is the verb of action, 'brosar', and the noun 'broso' can only mean the act of brushing: a brush requires the affix of instrument -il: brosilo. But in addition to the affixes that can only be affixes, many roots are used as affixes, forming then a kind of compound word. Thus the root ag- of the verb meaning 'to act, do, wield', is used with many names of instruments, when it was necessary to take the instrument as the first root: e.g. We say a hammer, to hammer, the second being evidently derived from the first. We therefore have to use the root -agar to play the part of an affix: Martelo, martel-agar, or, martel-uzar. This verb, meaning 'to hammer', is a transitive verb, that can be followed by an object. He hammered (at) the picture. - Ilu martelagis la pikturo. In the same way we have: klefagr - to lock, butonagar -to button, frenagr - to apply the break, pedalagar - to pedal Titles of Courtesy:------------------------------------------------------------ In addressing noble persons, etc., the word 'Sinior(ul)o', 'Siniorino' is used, and if necessarly followed by the name of the degnity: Sinioro Rejo, me humile pregas.. Sinioro Episkopo di London. Siniorino Komto - The Countess.. Yes, Sinioro, - Yes, your Honor, your Worship. Elision:----------------------------------------------------------------------- The final 'a' of 'la' and of adjectives, particularly derived adjectives in -al-, may be dropped when no confusion in sense can arise: Ilu parolis a l'infanto. la nacional sentimento. The accent remains on the same syllable as if the 'a' was inserted. The definite article may be contracted with certain prepostions: dal = da la, dil = di la, del = de la, al = a la XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Compound Words Again:----------------------------------------------------------- A noun can be the root (that is, subject) of a compund with any element except with a preposition which should work as a sort of a verb when the root noun must be considered as an object ot the preposition (that is, verb): A steam-ship - vapor-navo : Navo (subjekto) movas per vaporo. Submarine - sub'mara : Ka maro (subjekto) esas sub ulo? Ho, Lala! No! Ulo posedas maro (objekto) en la pozeso sub la maro. Do .... Sub (prepoziciono) objekto = posedar ulo en la pozeso sub l'objekto. Sub'mara navo - Navo (subjekto) movas sub la maro (quaza objekto) - Navo (subjekto) sub'movas la maro (objekto) international - inter'naciona = posedanta ulo inter nacioni supernatural - super'natura = posedanta ulo' od existanta super la naturo fenomeno super'natura = fenomeno evanta super naturo Itere .... (por instruktar Sro Gonc,alo NEVES) avan-brakio = manuo ("avan" esas prepoziciono) <- ulo avan brakio = manuo avana-brakio = avana parto di brakio avan kudo <- brakio avan kudo (Quo nun esas ca "avana"? Olu esas adjektivo.) Quo do esas vice-prezidanto? Vice-prezidanto (A) esas ula Sro B, qua esas anke kapabla laborar kom prezidanto vice Sro A. Do BYT dezirus expresar la vorto kom vice-A-B. (B vice A) Sro B esas vice-prezidanto (A) -prezidanto. Ca parto, vice-prezidanto (A), povus egalesar "vicea". Sro B povus nomesar prezidanto, tamen onu ankore ne definas lu esar/ye pura prezidanto ma nur vicea-prezidanto, dum ke Sro A ja povas funcionar tale. Vicea- = tempala, provizora, segun-dezira edc. Onu anke povus uzar neben*- vice vicea- quale neben*-prezidanto. ========================================================================= Sro Jean MARTIGNON: On n'est jamais si bien servi que par soi-me^me.(~_^) ========================================================================= De: "Martignon" Ye: Vie, 6 de Jul, 2007 3:32 pm Pri: Kad kliktar o klikar ? Che IdoCatalaOccitan: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/IdoCatalaOccitan/ > Yo* Idistaro ! > Singlu savas ke me odiegas la prilingua diskuti. Tamen, hike, esas ulo > neklara por qua me dezirus expliko. Nia samideani uzas por komputilala > uzo la vorto kliktar*. Ma en la precipua fonto-lingui la radiko di ca > vorto esas klik- e nule klikt- segun mea savo (Angle, France, Germane). > Ni, ya, ja havas la vorto kliktar qua segun la dicionario dil la 10 000 > radiki signifikas : bruisar ne-matide. > Pro quo on uzas ica vorto en tote altra senco ? > Predanko pro -> por via respondo. JM :::-::: En Ido ne existas la vorto klikar' ma nur substantivo kliko (cliquet). Do onu trovas la vorto quala kliko'roto (roue `a rochet / ratchet wheel). Ma en Ido existas verbo kliktar, qua tamen esas verbo ne'transitiva. Onu nun uzeskas la verbo kom un transitiva quale onu kliktas* sur ikoni skrenala. kliktar (ne'transitiva) = facar kurta e kraketema sono kliktar (transitiva) = igar facar kurta e kraketema sono Onu ofte igas la muso facar kurta e kraketema sono sur ikoni skrenal. = Onu ofte kliktas la muso sur ikoni skrenal. Ex. Kliktez sur la ikono ibe. ========================================================================= Sro Eduardo A. RODI: El ken kere la roza, kere i el punchon (espina). :-P ========================================================================= De: "Eduardo A. Rodi" Ye: Mie', 18 de Jul, 2007 3:49 am Pri: plu antee -> antee Che IdoCatalaOccitan: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/IdoCatalaOccitan/ > Kara Partaka, > "Plu antee" esas evidenta eroro en la Hispan[ian]a (e vere lede aspek- > tanta, anke). Ma en Ido, qua esas linguo plu reguloza e racionoza, olu > devas esar aceptenda, por taspeca exempli: > "Cavespere, me kusheskos frue. Ma antee, me dineos, e "plu antee" me > balnesos." > Ya nia linguo denaska repulsus tala expresuro. Ma me vidas nula motivo > por repulsar olu anke en Ido, ka yes? Standez bone. Eduardo. Quankam anke en la Angla "more earlier" esas kompreneble' evidenta eroro, multa Japoni uzas ta expresuro en sua Angla frazi, forsan, pro ke li male lernas la Angla patuazo*. E me pensas olu ye tam logikoza quale anke me uzas ta expresuro kande necesa por apte expresar tala situeso. Nuna'tempe mem kelka USA-ani uzeskas ta expresuro en sua frazo quale "I could have kicked myself for not playing him more earlier in the year," Bowden said. Kar Idisti: Nun Chuang-cu(Zhuang1-z) rakontas en la antiqua China quale .... ================================================================================ Fang zhou er ji yuhe. You xuchuan laichu zhou. Sui you bianxin zhi ren bunu. You yiren zai jishang, ze hu zhangxi zhi. Yihu er buwen, yushi sanhu xie. Ze bi yi esheng shizhi. Xiang ye buhu er jin ye nuzhe. Xiang ye XU er jin ye SHI ye. Ren neng xuji yi youshi, qi shu nenghai zhi. ================================================================================ Kande viro en sua batelo esforcas pasar fluvio ed ula vakua kanoto proximeskas e frapegas lua batelo, lu ne iracas stulte, mem se lu ya esas facile iracebla, pro ke lu vidas nulu apud su. Kande tamen ulu direktas la kanoto, nu la viro klamas por hauligar e jirigar da lu la kanoto. Se lua unesma klamo ne audesas, lu ri'klamas e, se la duesma nek audesas, lu ri'klamas ica'tempe iracante ya per torento de sordida maledikuri. Che la unesma kazo lu ne iracas, tamen nun che la duesma kun ulu en la kanoto la viro furias. Antee lu afrontas simpla vakueso, nun avan sua okuli lu renkon- tras nur simpla okupeso da ulu. Se homo sucesus facar su ipsa ye vakua' e vagus tra la mondo, qua sub la cielo voleskus nocar lu? Askoltez Chuang-cu se onu havas la oreli! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mea mastro di Kungfu regretinde aspektis febla oludulo. Irge'kande raskali ma sen'kauze VENDIS, tale dicas la Japoni, disputi a mea mastro, lu sempre ridetis ed exkuzis su avan li por ganar pardono de la raskali. Pro ke lu tre timis li? Ma l'omna lua dicipuli, inkluzante me, konocis ke lu povus ocidar la omna raskali ibe per sua feroca manu'frapi quik inter kelka sekundi, nur se lu vere voleskus. Tamen la mastro ne volis. Forsan ja en ta tempo lu sucesis facar su ipsa ye tote vakua avan irga personi (mem raskali). Kande uli a me vendis disputi, me par'batis li segun mea granda iraco e deziro. Ta'kaze mea mastro, nu des'estimante regardis me, e dicis ke me esas ma stulta poltrono. Kande me ri'memorigis da me la ceno, me devis agnoskar ke me esas tre stulta. Kande onu esas vera poltrono, lu multe deziras stulte pruvar ke lu tote ne esas tala, quankam fakte lu esas tala ad'vere. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------