Ido for All

**** Lesson 25 - Duadek-e-kinesma Leciono ************************************* How to translate the English -ING:--------------------------------------------- The Englsih termination -ing seldom is a real present participle that can't be translated by -anta. The following rules cover most cases: (1) Use -anta only if the word in -ing is a true verbal adjective, qualifying a noun and therefore can be replaced by a verb, with 'who' or 'which': A crying child, a child who cries. - Krianta infanto. A gratiflying resul, a result which gratifies. - Kontentiganta rezulto. (2) In most cases, -ing is merely a noun of action: to beat, a beating to brush, a brushing to institute, instituting Such nouns are rendered by the simple termination -o, which, when the root is a verb, precisely means action: batar, bato brosar, broso institucar, instituco If it is intended to convey an idea of particular duration, use -ado: to dance - dansar, a dance - danso, dancing - dansado Young people are fond of dancing. - La yuni prizas dansado. Angling is a pleasant pastime. (Angel-) peskado esas agreabla tempo-pasigivo. Constant travelling is bad for the nerves. La sempra voyajado nocas la nervi. In the last two examples, the simple form 'pesko','voyajo' would mean catching a fish (not catching fish), and a journey (not travelling). (3) At the beginning of a sentence or clause, the word in -ing should be translated by -anta, if it could be or is preceded by a preposition or conjunciton like 'while', 'in','on': Replying to your letter (=in reply to your letter). Respondante a vua letro. On coming in, I saw her. - Enirante, me vidis elu. I spoke to him standing (=while standing). - Stacante, me parolis ad ilu. Taking his hat, he went out. - Prenante lua chapelo, ilu ekiris. If the word in -ing is the auxiliary to 'have', then the past participle of the second verb must be used: Having spoken thus, he sat down. - Tale parolinte, ilu sideskis. Having been in the place, I know it. Esinte en la loko, me konocas ol, or Pro ke me esis en la loko,... (4) After a preposition, the word in -ing is the equivalent of an infinitive, as English prepostions, except 'to', govern the participle: Before going away (=before to-go-away). - Ante departar. After speaking (=after to-have-spoken). - Pos parolir. Instead of writing (=instead of to-write). - Vice skribar. After answering her letter. - Pos respondir ad elua letro. Note. - 'While' is a conjunction ('during' being the corresponding prepositon): While running, they fell down. - Dum ke li kuris (Dum lia kuro), li falis. (5) A large number of cases cannot be classified under any of the above heads, but a few examples will suffice: (a) - (i) (a) Angry for being disturbed (=angry because one distrubed him) Iracante pro ke on trublis ilu. (b) Particular ways of doing things (=to do things). Specala manieri facar kozi. (c) He was far from appreciating her good qualities (=he certainly did not value highly her good qualities). Ilu certe ne alte prizis elua bona qualesi. (d) He agreed with her in liking sweets (=he agreed with her in that thing, that they two liked sweets). Ilu akordis kun elu en to ke li du prizis sukraji. ...or Ilu akordis kun elu en prizar sukraji. (e) I can't help loving the child (=I cannot love the child). Me ne povas ne amar la infanto. (f) They hindered him from running. - Li impedis ke ilu kurez. (g) She intended coming yesterday (=she intended to come). Elu intencis venar hiere. (h) Ouf of hearing (=not able-to-be-reached by a call). Ne-atingebla per voko, or Exter voko (out of call), or Ja ne-vokebla (=already not call-able). (i) A boarding-house - gasteyo An eating-house - restorerio A dining-room - manjo-chambro A walking-stick - promen-batono A sitting-room - saloneto A swimming-bath - nateyo A writing-table - skribo-tablo A drawing-pencil - desegno-krayono A camping outfit - acesori di kamp(ad)o (6) If the word is -ing is the subject of a verb, use either the infinitive or the noun form: Smoking is bad for the health. - Fumar esas mala por la saneso. (7) If the word in -ing is preceded by to be, use the simple form of the verb: I am calling you. - Me vokas vu. How to translate the English "to":--------------------------------------------- I didn't know where to get the bus. Me ne savis ube acensar l'omnibuso. I need something with which to write. Me bezonas ulo per qua (onu povez) skribar Hobbies give a person something to love and something in which to find freedom. Hobii* donas ad onu ulo por amar ed ulo en qua (onu povez) trovar libereso. He had the kindness to take me to the hospital. Ilu montris l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo. Che ilu existis l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo. Che ilu esis l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo. Ilu do povis montrar l'amikeso di facar altra kozi (querar ambulanco). Tamen se onu exkluzas "di" del frazo supera, .... Che ilu esis l'amikeso portar me a la hospitalo. Portar me a la hospitalo esis l'amikeso che ilu. Portar me a la hospitalo esis l'amikeso por ilu. Ilu do ne pensis pri l'amikeso di facar altra kozi. You are to apologize to her for it. Vu devas exkuzar vu ad elu pro to. The ring was not to be found anywhere. Onu nul'loke povis trovar la ringo. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX How to get the most of -ir, -ar, -or and -ur* --------------------------------- La kakio* (Japanese persimmon) esas dolca frukto kande olu esas tre matura. Tamen kande olu esas pre'matura, la kakio* esas fulminante bitra en la boko. Yel lasta yaro me hazarde manjis kakio* pre'matura pro ke me mis'komprenis olu ye/esar suficante matura. Me nun regretas ke me manjis kakio* pre'matura. = == Me regretas manj-ir kakio pre'matura. == Me nun anke hazarde manjas kakio* pre'matura pro ke mea okuli senileskas. Ho, ve! Me multe regretas ke me manjas kakio* pre'matura pro acidenteto. = == Me regretas manj-ar kakio pre'matura. == Me ne darfas sputar olu avan dami. Tamen mea cerebro anke senileskas. Me promisis ad un de mea amiki ke me morge manjos kakio* pre'matura por pruvar mea kurajo virala kom puniso pro pario. Me ne povas ne regretar pro mea foleso ke me manjos kakio* pre'matura. = == Me regretas manj-or kakio pre'matura. == Me multe regretas ke me promisis stultajo ad un de mea amiki. = Me multe regretas promisir la stultajo a mea amiko. Se me ne promisus, me nun esus tre sekura e felica. Me wishas es-ur* plu prudenta. Do "formo di -ur*" esas tre utila en Ido. **** Lesson 26 - Duadek-e-sisesma Leciono ************************************* List of Prepositions:---------------------------------------------------------- DE, from, since. of (in quantities): unu de li - one of them DE-POS, since, after: DI, of (possession and genetive): DA, by (authorship or after passive verb): A, AD, to (direction, object, intention): pensar a - to turn one's thoughts to, think of amo a Deo - love of God irar a ... - to go to ... ADEN, into: ADSUR, on to: EN, in: EK, out of (with motion, choice, material): vazo ek oro - a vase of gold irar ek la chambro - to go out of the room EXTER, outside (without motion): SUR, on: SUPER, above: SUB, under (with or without motion): INFRE DI, at the bottom or foot of, below INTER, between, among: TRA, through (in crossing only): CIS, this side of: TRANS, the other side of, across (with or without motion): PRETER, beyond, leaving behind: LOR, at the time of: ANTE, before (in time): POS, after (in time): AVAN, in front of, before (in space): DOP, behind, after (in space): KORAM, in the presence of: CHE, at, to (the house of): APUD, next to, by, beside: AN, on, at (contiguity): an la tablo - at (the) table an Seine - on the Seine CIRKUM, around, about (place, time, quantity, etc.): KONTRE, against: PRO, because, on account of: POR, for, in view of, in order to: PER, by means of, through: PRI, concerning, of, about, relating to, on: KUN, with (in company with) SEN, without (privation): ULTRE, beyond, in addition to: PROXIM, near, close to (not touching): PO, for, at the price of, in exchange for: DUM, during: TIL, till (prep.) as far as: till la pordo - as far as the door MLAGRE, in spite of, notwithstanding: VICE, instead of, in place of: [ But vice-prezidanto (prefere a) -> neben*-prezidanto ] SEGUN, according to: ALONGE, along: VERS,towards: YE, at (indefinite preposition): Final Prepostions:------------------------------------------------------------- Prepostions must always be placed before a noun or pronoun: This is the book he spoke of (= of which he spoke). Yen la libro pri qua ilu parolis. What are you talking about (= about what ...)? - Pri quo vu parolas? It is frequently possible to combine a final prepostion with its verb, or to form a phrase: This is the stick he came with (= which he brought). Yen la bastono quan ilu ad-portis. The doctor was sent for (= one caused-to-be-fetched ...). On querigis la mediko. The bag he came for (= which he fetched). - La sako quan ilu queris. This will do to go on with (= at the beginning). Ico konvenos en la komenco. The boat had not been intended to be lived in. La batelo ne esis destinita por habitado. The church had not been preached in for many years. On ne prekikabis en la kirko dum multa yari. Prepostions as Adverbs:-------------------------------------------------------- A word which is a preposition, if before a noun or pronoun, may be an adverb, if alone: Near the brook. - Proxim la rivereto. The brook ran near. - La rivereto fluis proxime. All Ido prepostions can be changed into adverbs by the addition of an -e: dum - during, dume - meanwhile lor - at the time of, lore - then pos - after, pose - afterwards ante - before, antee - previously kontre - against, kontree - on the other hand, contrariwise As adjectives, 'antea' means 'previous', posa - subsequent, kontrea - opposing. (Extrere, interne, are used in place of 'ene', 'eke') Sense according to Place:------------------------------------------------------ Some prepositions are used as adverbs in English with a different sense: About an hour. - Cirkum un horo. THey ran about. - Li kuris hike ed ibe. On the bell. - Sur la klosho. They rang on. - Li sonigadis. Over the way. - Trans la voyo. The storm was over. - La sturmo esis finita. La sturmo cedabis. Up a tree. - Supre di arboro. The door is shut up. - La pordo esas tote klozita. Turn round the horse. - Turnez cirkum la kavalo. Turn the horse round. - Turnez la kavalo. Prepostions as Verbs:---------------------------------------------------------- Prepostions, in English, are often used with the full meaning of a verb, the verb accompanying them having only the value of an adverb: To walk in, ride in, creep in, run in, float in (= to enter by walking, riding, creeping, running, floating). Enirar marchante, vehante, reptante, kurante, flotacante. I wind about and in and out. - Me sinuifas, eniras, ekiras. He was trudging through woods, up hill and down dale. Ilu pene trairis boski, acensis kolini, decensis vali. It was blown off into the dirt. Olu esis deportata da la vento aden la fango. The consequence of this peculiar use is that an intransitive verb can apparently take a direct object: Will you row me to the bridge? - Ka vu voluntas rem-vehigar me a la ponto? The child will cry her eyes out. La infantino ruinos sua okuli per lakrimi. Kiss away her tears. - Sikigez elua lakrimi per kiso. He was argued into allowing the fact. Ilu esis obligata per argumenti aceptar la fakto. Adjectives are also used in the same way: They walked themselves dry. - Li per marcho sikigis su. XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Submarine:- Navo sub maro od Maro sub glacio'strato? -- kelka letri ad Idisti - Submarine ============================================== Sro Cibernauti en "submarine" en la kosmospaco ============================================== Angla vorto "submarine" ne esas irga "maro" ma olu signifikas "batelo" submara ("submarine"). Olim BYT dicis ke ne es bona uzar prepoziciono kom prefixo, nam "submaro", suficante stranje, ne esas "maro" ma batelo od ulo/irgo sub maro. Tamen preske omni en IdoListo, specale Germana Sro NEUSSNER, opozis lu ke lu es tro hucpoza*. avan-brakio = manuo ("avan" esas prepoziciono) avana-brakio = avana parto di brakio avan kudo (Quo nun esas ca "avana"? Olu esas adjektivo.) vice-prezidanto : Ka lu vere esas prezidanto? = Ulu qua manjas o facas irgo VICE prezidanto. = Lu povas esar neapta laborar kom prezidanto. vicea-prezidanto = (Lu anke esas prezidanto.) Ulu qua laboras kom PREZIDANTO vice prezidanto qua forsan esus malad e ne povas laborar tale. BYT propozis "neben-" kom ca adjektivo, vicea. vicEa-prezidanto -> nEben-prezidanto Se onu volas uzar "vice" kom prefixo, lu povus o devus introduktar "anstat" kom prepoziciono. BYT expektas altra, forsan hucpoza*, opinioni. Antebrachium ============================================== Sro Gonc,alo NEVES: Mea konfundo di avan/ante! ============================================== HoLa! Me itere konfundis "avan" kun/ad "ante". Antebrachium devas esar AVANa-brakio, quale vu bone sugestas. Ma anke vu konfundas "avan" kun "dop", nam mentono, nazo, okuli, tot kapo edc. regretinde esis, por la Latini, dop la brakio. Antebrachium signifikas l'avanaparto di brakio avan kudo. Kad avan-brakio ne esas a vu manuo? Se avan-brakio ankore esas brakio, do sub-maro devas ankore restar maro, nek navo nek batelo. Pri vice-prezidanto vu esas multe plu racionoz kam BYT, quale esis tale la pasinta argumenti. Vice-prezidanto(A) esas ula Sro B, qua es anke kapabla laborar kom bon prezidanto vice Sro A. Do BYT dezirus expresar la vorto kom vice-A-B. Sro B esas vice-prezidanto(A)-prezidanto. E ca parto vice-prezidanto(A) povus egalesar vicea. Sro B valoras ja nomesar prezidanto, tamen onu ne definas lu ye pura prezidanto ma nur vicea- prezidanto, dum ke Sro A povas funcionar tale. Vicea- = tempala, provizora, segun-dezira edc. Konkubino anke esas spozino, ma elu es spozino vice la unesma spozino: vice-spozino1-spozino2 Vice-spozino signifikas irga amoratino sen ica titulo spozino qua tre importas por konkubino. Konkubino mustas esar vicea-spozino. Capisce? Tamen ica vorto "vicEa" sonas male a me. Do me rimemorigas da me la Germana vorto: Nebenfrau. Neben-frau esas konkubino, ma lu esas anke ula spozino vice l'autentika ed unesma spozino. Do me propozas ca vorto "neben-" kom bon prefixo. BYT expektas altra, forsan hucpoza*, opinioni. Mea ne-lasta repliko ============================================== Sro Gonc,alo NEVES: Pro ke me esas ne-edukito. ============================================== BYT tote ne savis ke la Latini kareis la vorto "antebrachium". Me dankas a vu pri la informo. Yen mea monologo, pro ke vu ja facis vua lasta repliko ke vu nule povos respondar mea hucpo*. >Neben-frau esas nulo altra kam extra-spozino. Vu esas partale justa, nam extra-spozino es la vorto nur komoda de la vidpunto di la spozuli. Tamen neben-spozini generale deziras remplasar l'autentika spozino, eli ne volas esar extra*. Vice-"PERSONO" generale esas persono qua vizas remplasar "PERSONO", la amba personi apartenas do a la samspeca kategorio, dum ke maro e sub- maro apartenas a diferanta kategorii. Tamen la vorto vice-prezidanto anke povas indikar altra kategorio kam prezidanto quala plebeyo. Do BYT propozas la termino "vicea prezidanto", qua ya klare indikas olua prezidanteso. Esas tre mala uzar la sama vorto kom prepoziciono e prefixo. Kaoso o poketa logiko? ============================================== Sro Igor WASILEWSKI:Kad olu es kaoso o logiko? ============================================== Vu pensas e dicas ke BYT volas enduktar kaoso. Ma advere lu deziras pozar poketa logio vicEe. Quale BYT vu lernas la Japona linguo. Kad anke la China linguon vu hazarde lernus en Polonia? Preske omna prepozicioni naskis de la verbi en la China linguo. La prepozicioni havas objekti quale verbi. E la Chini facile vidas la diferi e logiko inter la sequanta 3 formi gramatikal. Prepozicioni + substantivo(kom objekto) sub-maro: ento submersas maro(objekto) Prefixo verbala + substantivo(kom objekto) anti-bakterio: ento ocidas bakterio(obj) - e - Prefixo adjektival + substantivo(kom subjekto) ex-prezidanto: prezidanto(subj) qua rezignis Avan-brakio: ento preiras brakio(objekto) Avana-brakio: brakio(subjekto) preiras kudo Vice-prezidanto: ulu remplasas prezidanto(obj) tamen ica ulu povas esar irgu, anke plebeyo Vicea-prezidanto: prezidanto(subj) remplasas altra forsan malada prezidanto ne indikata Ne importas enduktar anstat* o neben*-, nam me nur deziras montrar ta nekoncianta uzo di Ido. Quankam vu havas la akuzativo en la Polona, ka vu ne deziras vidar la diferi? Ed esas nejusta uzar la sama vorto kom prepoziciono e prefixo, nam to endukas kaoso aden logikala uzo di Ido.