Ido for All

NOTES ON DERIVATION We have as a word basis the invariable stem, ordinarily termed {{root}}, which is selected on the principle of maximum internationality or facility. Disregar- ding the particles and adverbial forms, these roots fall naturally for the most part into three classes : (1) Verbal roots indicating an action, as : ir(ar), ba(tar), salt(ar). (2) Nominal roots denoting an object, as : hom(o), dom(o). puer(o). (3) adjectival roots expressing a quality, as : bon(a), facil(a), avara(a). These roots, plus the appropriate terminal letters : -ar, -o, -a, -e, constitute the fundamental grammatical forms. The addition of these grammatical finals: -ar, -o, -a, -e, is termed {{immediate}} or {{direct}} derivation. {{Mediate}} or {{indirect}} derivation is accomplished by means of affixes (prefixes and suffixes), as : des-, refro-, -estr-, -in-. The sum of the words that can logically be formed from any one root by mediate or immediate derivation constitutes the {{word family.}} It is a fundamental principle that a root expresses one basic signification, modified as it may be by the different affixes, each of which in turn carries one invariable sense. One root, one meaning; one affix, one meaning. Knowing the form (spelling) and meaning of a root, we can logically and clearly express all related ideas by use of the proper affix. This characteristic is termed the principle of {{unasenceso}}, one sense, one word, uniqueness in signification, unambiguity. For example, the fundamental idea of music is expressed by the root : muzik-, this idea of music therefore is carried in all corms of the root : nouns, adjectives, or what not. The suffix -isto indicates a person occupied professionally with something. .Muzik-isto can therefore only signify a (profe- ssional) musician. Given the verbal root : dorm-art to slccp, we know that the substantive form is dormtadlo and means sleep as a substantive and cannot refer to a sleeper or a sleeping place. There is thus a reciprocal relation between form and sense. This carries with it a second principle, that of {{reversibil- ity}} which Professor Couturat formulated as follows : {{ Every derivative must be reversible; that is to say, if one passes (forward) from one word to another of the same family by virtue of a certain rule, one must be able to pass inversely from the second to the first in virtue of the rule which is exactly the reverse of the preceding. }} Given pac-o, peace, pac-ar can only signify to be at peace, in a state of peace. Pac-ar cannot signify to pacify, because if it did the substantive could only mean pacification, the making ol peace. To express the idea of to pacify, paci- fication, we must add the suffix -if- which adds to the root the idea of: to make, render, cause to be. Pac-if-ar therefore logically expresses the idea of to pacify (someone) and pac-if-o translates pacification. If we should depart from the substantive kron-o, a crown, the immediate verbal form kron-ar could have no rational meaning. Kron-ar, as derived from kron-o in the sense of a crown, cannot logically express the idej of : to crown (someone), because the meaning of the substantive inversely derived from {{to crown}} is and can only logically be : the act of crowning, the coronation, not the crown itself. To express the idea of : to crown (someone), we use the suffix -iz- which adds to the root the idea of : covering, furnishing, providing. {{To crown}} is only logically expressed, therefore, by kron-iz-ar (kron : crown, plus -izar : to cover with). From this verbal form, we logically get kron-izo, meaning corona- tion. This capability of reversing a derivative form and arriving at the origi- nal meaning is the practical test of the rightness of a derived form. Attention is especially called to this point because in our {{natural}} languages, espec- ially the English, almost any simple noun may be used as a verb without change of form ---- we {{ship goods}}: and {{ship a crew}} and send the goods and the crew to the ship. We understand such meanings from an inspection of the sentence as a whole and because we are familiar with the diction. In a logically constr- ucted language to be used by diverse linguistic groups such use is not admissi- ble. It ls an obvious fact that a substantive derived from a verb, can have lo- gically no other meaning than the state or action expressed by the verb and, consequently, no verb can be directly derived from a noun unless the noun expr- esses an act or condition, in which case the verb must signify to do that act or be in that condition. This is likewise true in regard to the impossibility of deriving verbs directly from adjectives - we must add the appropriate verbal suffix (-ig, -esk, -if) or, for passive senses, the proper form of the verb es- ar. Substantives from adjectives : If the adjective expresses a quality essentially human (or animal), the sub- stantive denotes a person (or animate object) : saj-a, -o, wise (person) ; blind-a, -o, a blind (person or animal) ; katolik-a, -o, catholic (person). If the adjective expresses a quality essentially non-human, the substantive denotes a thing : acid-a, -o, acid (adjective and noun) ; rekt-at -o, (a) straight (line) ; kav-a, -o, hollow (adjective and noun). If the quality expressed by the adjective is applicable to both animate and inanimate objects, the substantive form in -o can logically stand for either form of abject, and the meaning must be obtained from the context. Where there is likely to be doubt as to the meaning of the substantive (whether person or thing) the ambiguity can be removed by adding -ulo, -ino for pers- ons and -ajo for things. For example : bono, alt-o, perfekt-o may refer to either persons or things that are good, high, perfect, but bon-ulo, alt-ulo, perfekt-ulo can only apply to persons, and bon-ajo, alt-ajo, perfekt-ajo can only denote inanimate objects. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Suenyo Imposible" Con fe' lo imposible sonyar al mal combatir sin temor triunfar sobre el miedo invencible en pie soportar el dolor Amar la pureza sin par buscar la verdad del error vivir con los brazos abiertos creer en un mundo mejor Es mi ideal la estrella alcanzar no importa cuan lejos se pueda encontrar luchar por el bien sin dudar ni temer y dispuesto al infierno llegar si lo dicta el deber Y yo se' que si logro ser fiel a mi suenyo ideal estara' mi alma en paz al llegar de mi vida el final Sera' este mundo mejor si hubo quien despreciando el dolor combatio' hasta el u'ltimo aliento Con fe' lo imposible sonyar y la estrella alcanzar Anke me esas viro de la Mancha (menchi*) kun mea idealo... mea grandega revo nun preske ne'posibla ke Ido esez la linguo inter'naciona en la venonta mondo ube mea e via decendanti povez juar sua vivo kun sola e bela e facile lernebra idiomo qua facas la tota homaro ye felica, irge quale li esus nur povra o fortunoze richa, edukita o ne'suficante edukita. Venez tal mondo sur ca gaiya*, nia planeto, en la universo dil Deo! mencho*: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PREFIXES anti-: contra-: against, counter, opposing. Used only in a few scientific terms : anti-bakterio, bactericide ; anti-vermo, vermifuge. Ordinarily the preposition "kontre" is used instead of and in the same sense as anti- : kontre-Juda, (kontre-Yuda*) anti-semitic ; kontre-skorbuta, anti-scorbutic. The use of anti- therefore should be confined strictly to cases where the prefix has been definitely approved by the scientific and technical committees. arki-: arch-, of eminent degree, chief. Used especially in titles : arki-duk(ul)o, archduke; arki-episkopo, archbishop. bo-: indicates relationship by marriage, as : bo-patrulo, father-in-law; bo-fratino, sister-in-law. bi-: two-, Used in scientific terms, as : bi-kapa, bicephalous ; bi-loba, bilobate. The numeral "du" can be used to express the same idea: du-kapa, two-headed, bicephalous. Note : Mono-: quadri-: quinqua-, sexa-. septua-. okto-, nona- are likewise prefixes often used with technical terms. des-: (as found in the English words : destruct, destroy) denoting the direct opposite of the idea to which it is prefixed, as : des-agreabla, disagreeable; des-charjar, to unload; des-equilibr-igar, to unbalance; des-bel-igar, to disfigure. Note : For the difference between des- and ne- see note under ne- in the dic- tionary. It should have been added that in distinction from ne-, which ex- presses simple negation, sen- expresses the idea of privation or lack, as : sen-denta, without teeth; sen-hara, hairless. dis-: denotes separation or dispersion; apart, asunder: dis-part-igar, or dis-pec-igar, to dismember; dis-pozar, to dispose, lay out dis-ruptar, to disrupt; dis-donar, to distribute (promiscuously). Used with verbal roots. elk*-: e-. electric. As in elk*-letro, e-mail 'e-', kom prefixo por komunikado komputorala, semblas tro mikra, tro des'facile audebla kompare kun la Angla e-[i:]. Onu ne facile mis'audas elk*- per telefono, kad Yes? Tamen en kazo di "e-", pos ke onu recevabas suficanta "e-e"xperienco del "e-e"dukado, lu komencas "e-a"fero (e-business), "e-k"omercante_"e-v"ari per "e-l"etri kun klienti. ek- {prep}: out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of), out from, (US) out (forth from), of (made of) el portis ol ek la chambro : she carried it out of (US: out) the room irar ek la domo : go out of (US: out) the house sis ek dek : six out of ten vazo ek oro : gold vase ek'irar = to go out, get out, walk out ek'apareskar = to appear to be, to turn out to be Ek'apareskabas ke ni lernis en la sama skolo. ex-: ex-, late, former, retired. Indicates one who formerly held a position : ex-prezidanto, ex-president; ex-oficiro, a former officer. gala-: gala-. This is properly an adjective but is used in a few instances as the first element of a composed word: gala-festo, gala festival; gala-robe, a gala robe. ge-: denotes both sexes taken together : ge-patri, father and mother, parents; ge-siori, Mr. and Mrs-, ladies and gentlemen. Note: This prefix is to be used only when it is desired to emphasize the pre- sence of both sexes. In direct derivation (simple endings in -ar, -o, -a), substantives in general denote undetermined sex, therefore, simple "patri" translates the idea of parents, and "siori" that of ladies and gentlemen. In modern standard Ido "ge-patri" has been substituted with "genitori". mi-: half; partly, semi-, demi-, in the sense of less than is usual, full and normal: mi-cirklo, half-circle; ml-horo, half an hour; mi-fratulo, hall-brother; mi-lumo, half-light, twilight; mi-ombre, half-shade, partial shadow; ml-mortinta : half-dead (cf. quaz-a, -e); mi-mond-umo : demi-monde. neben*-: vice-. Indicates one who would act in the place of an authentic person in the position in case of emergency. neben*-prezidanto, vice-president, vice-chairman mis-: denotes erroneous, wrong action; used with verbal roots: mis-komprenar, to misunderstand; mis-pronuncar, to mispronounce; mis-prezentar, to misrepresent; mis-uzo, misuse. ne-: (adv. used as prefix) not, non-, un-, in-, im-, ir- : ne-savar, to be ignorant of; ne-posibla, impossible ; ne-populara, unpopular; ne-responsiva, irresponsible; (cf. des-). par-: (used especially with verbal roots) denoting perfection or thorough com- pletion of an action: par-lernar, to learn thoroughly; par-plugar, to plow thoroughly; par-lektar, to read thoroughly or through to the very end; par-facer, to do thoroughly, to complete; par-irar, to go (through) to the end. para-: (with substantive roots) denoting protection against, something to ward off : para-fairo, a screen or protection against fire, a fire-guard; para-fulmino, some sort of a protection against lightning, a lightning conductor; para-pluvo, a protection against rain, an umbrella; para-vento, a wind-shield. pra-: pra-, before ; replaces the preposition "ante" in composed words: pre-datizar, to antedate; pre-destinar, to predestine; pre-dicar, to predict; pre-hiere, (on the) day before yesterday ; pre-avino, great-grandmother. pseudo*-: pseudo, false, counterfeit, as in English. A rarely used prefix. quadri-: quadri-, quadru-: quad- ; four ; used chiefly in scientific words: quadri-latera, quadrilateral; quadri-peda : quadruped. retro-: (with verbal roots) retro-, backtward), inverse action : retro-agar, to retroact; retro-irar, to go back(ward). ri-: (with verbal roots) re-, back (to an original or former state or position) again (in the sense of repetition or restoration) ; ri-elektar, to re-elect ; ri-enirar, to re-enter; ri-donar, to give back (again); ri-facar, to do over again, remake; ri-dicar, to say again, repeat. sen-: -less, without, free from : Indicates absence, lack, privation, destitution : sen-kapa, headless ; sen-kulpa, guiltless ; sen-arma, without arms, weapon-less; sen-denta, toothless; stif(a): step-: Indicates that the person spoken of is a relative only through the second marriage of a parent and is not a relative by blood: stif(a)-filiino, step-daughter stif(a)-matro, step-mothtr. Note : The prepositions en, ek, for, kun, inter, de, etc. are also used as prefixes, as: en-irar, ek-irar, also some original adverbs, as: plu-alt-igar, plu-bel-igar Pro ke BYT ne afordis facar Apendico-33 dum longa tempo pro manko di tempo, Sro Oussama ALAMEDDINE kompletigis olu vice BYT. Me sincere dankas (a) lu por multa komencanti di Ido. Ma se irgu trovos kelka erori, co mustos esar ya mea kulpo e do me korektigos oli segun lua konsili. Yen mea elk*-adreso por sendar l'erori: bebson@nifty.com Ye 2006/Jan/01 Prfo PARTAKA korektigis kelka erori. Multa danki. SUFFIXES:---------------------------------------------------------------------- -ach-: imparts a pejorative (contemptuous,, disparaging) sense to the composed word: hund-acho, cur; infant-acho, brat; medik-acho, quack; parol-ach-ar, to jabber, prate; rid-(et)-achar, to giggle ; dolc-acha, sickly sweet, mawkish. -ad-: added to verbal roots to denote the repetition or continuation of the act : parol-adar, to speak (at length); salt-adar, to keep jumping. Note: The following examples show the distinction between -ado and -o: pafar, to shoot; pafo a single shot; paf-ado signifies a repeated discharge, a volley; from fraper, to strike, we get frap-o, a single blow; frap-ado, a beating. -ag-: (the root of the verb ag-ar, to do, act) used with the names of instru- ments and the like to indicate the action done with the instrument: martel-agar, to hammer; buton-agar, to button; kanon-agar (or pafar), to shoot a cannon; manu-agar, to handle; kruc-agar, to crucify. Note: This suffix is necessary because if such word were verbalized by direct derivation (using simply -ar), the substantive inversely derived from the verb would logically refer to the act, not the instrument (to the hammering, buttoning, not to the hammer(s), button(s). By using the separate suffix (-ag-), the substantive of the act is martel-ag(ad)o, buton-ag(ad)o, and the primitive words: martelo, butono refer to the instruments. -aj-: with nouns and adjectives: it denotees an object possessing the quality of, or made out of, the material expressed by the original word: mol-ajo, a soft material or object; bel-ajo, a beautiful object; lign-ajo, something made of wood, woodwork. It may also denote an act: amik-al-ajo, an act of friendship ; infant-al-ajo, a childish act. With transitive or mixed verbs, it has a passive sense, referring to the object, and being identical with -ata- or -ita-: send-ajo, (send-ata, send-ita), something sent; chanj-ajo (chanj-ato, chanj-ita), something (which is) changed; manj-ajo, something eaten ; (cf. -ur). With intransitive verbs: it has an active sense and is equivalent to -anta-: rept-ajo, something which creeps (rept-ero is a prefer- able form); exist-ajo, something existing. Note (1) : With transitive verbs the active sense is ordinarily expressed by -iv-, as : garnis-ar (tr.) to garnish, embellish; garnis-ivo is then some- thing which embellishes; garnis-ajo would refer to the object embellished ; orn-ivo is something which ornaments, an ornament; orn-ajo, would refer to something (which is) ornamented, not the ornament itself. Note (2) : In this connection it may be said that the suffixes -iv- and -em- have essentially an active sense; while -ebl-, -ind-, -end-, have an essenti- ally passive meaning. -al-: With nouns, it denotes: relating to,, pertaining to, appropriate to: autun-o, autumn; autun-ala, autumnal; rej-o, king, queen; rej-ala, royal; nacion-ala, national; sexu-ala, sexual. It is frequently equivalent to the genitive : aquo di river-o = river-ala aquo. As a practical rule: an adject- ive in -ala is appropriate wherever it can be replaced by the genitive of the substantive it is derived from: riverala = di rivero. Note (1): -al- should not be appended to proper names to form adjectives; dramati da Shakespeare, Shakespearean dramas. The use of -al would signify dramas relating to or analogous to those of Shakespeare. Note (2) : Difference of meaning and use between -a and -ala: -a is the pri- mary grammatical final of the great class of words which fundamentally ex- press quality: blu-a, simpl-a, facil-a. It carries the signification of: which is ЎД, who is ЎД; consequently, blu-a, (which is) blue; simpl-a, (what is) simple; facil-a ago, an act which is easy. Added to nominal roots denot- ing a substance it has the same meaning: marmor-a statuo, a statue made of marble, which is marble; or-a vazo, a (made of) gold vase; aqu-a voyo, a water-way (a way composed of water). The suffix -ala is the ordinary adjectival termination appended to that large class of roots which are nouns in their fundamental significance. It expresses the idea: pertain- ing to, relative to, as we find it used in thousands of English words. (except where the adjective is used to denote a substance out of which a thing is made, composed of, as in marmor-a, or-a, aqu-a). We therefore say: puer-ala ago, a childish act, an act appropriate or suitable to a child, (not puer-a ago, which could only logically signify: an act which is a child!!); aqu-ala ludi, water sports, sports relating to, pertaining to water (not aqu-a ludi, which could only mean: sports made of water!!). nacion-ala legi, national laws, (nacion-a legi can only mean: laws which are a nation!!); on the other hand, an aqu-a voyo, a water-way (as a canal), widely differs from an aqu-oza voyo, a way (road) full of water (puddles). It is to be noted that where there is a composed word, such as: internacion-a, the adjective form is always in -a, not -ala: the idea being that the first part of the composed word (inter-) sufficiently indicates the relationship. Also after roots com- pounded with sen- the -a is always used, not -ala, -oza,: sen-esper-a, hope- less, not sen-esper-oza !; sen-viva korpo, a lifeless body. -an-: denotes a member, inhabitant, partissan, adherent, as: senat-ano, senator; vilaj-ano, villager; eklezi-ano, a church member. -ar-: denotes a collection, group, set (off objects or beings). It is to be generally understood as referring to the most extensive collect- ive; hom-aro means humanity, not a group of persons; (cf. Talmey's Text Book, p. 42). However, this suffix is quite frequently found to be used vaguely for any group of persons or collection of objects. -ari-: indicating the object of an action,, the recipient of an action or one upon whom a right, especially legal, is conferred. In many cases, it corres- ponds to the English suffix -ee: pag-ario, payee ; grant-ario, grantee; don-ario, donee. -atr-: like (-ish); of the nature of, or hhaving nearly the same appearance, qualities or characteristics; similar: flava, yellow; flav-atra, yellowish; sponj-o, sponge: sponj-atra, spongy; metal-atra, metallic; used ordinarily with non-verbal roots, and referring to things, not persons (cf. -em-). Note : The root simil- is used in the same sense as -atr-. The golden era of jazz.: L'epoko or-atra di jazo. L'epoko or-simila di jazo. -e-: colored, having the color of: or-o, ggold; or-ea: golden; lakt-o, milk; lakt-ea : milk-colored; sang-o, blood; sang-ea: blood-colored; (sango-koloro: blood-color). -ebl-: like -able, -ible; added to transittive verbal roots to express possibi- lity. It has an essentially passive sense (cf. -iv-): vid-ar, to see; vid- ebla, visible; rupt-ar, to break; rupt-ebla, breakable; kred-ebla, credible. -ed-: contents of; (-ful); denotes the quaantity which fills something or (with verbal roots) the quantity determined by the nature of the act: glas-o, a glass; glas-edo, a glassful; manu-o, a hand; manu-edo, a handful; glut-ar, to swallow, glut-edo, a swallow (quantity determined by the act of swallowing); pinch-ar, to pinch; pinch-edo, a pinch, a nip (quantity determined by the act of pinching or grasping with finger tips. -eg-: denoting augmentation, intensity, a higher or extreme degree: pluv-o, rain; pluv-ego, a downpour or torrent of rain; varm-a, warm; varm-ega, hot; grand-ega, immense, very big. It is possible to use this suffix also with verbal roots. manj-eg-ar = to hugely eat, to devour The students burst into laughter. La studenti rid-eg-eskis. -em-: joined especially to verbal roots siignifies: (persons) inclined to; disposition, bent: atak-ar, to attack; atak-ema, agressive; babil-ar, to chatter; babil-ema, talkative, gossipy; labor-ar, to work; labor-ema, industrious; (cf. -atr-). -end-: used to form adjectives from verball roots; has an essentially passive sense ; indicating something to be or which must be done: kred-ar, to belie- ve, kred-enda, (something) which must be believed; pag-ar, to pay; pag-enda, something which must be paid; solv-ar, to solve; solv-enda, something which must be solved; (cf. note under -ind-). -er-: denotes a person occupied in a custoomary, though not professional activ- ity or occupation: fum-ar, to smoke, fum-ero, smoker, (one who habitually smokes); dans-ero, dancer (but not a professional); fotograf-ero, an amateur photographer. This suffix is also used for animals (or even things) to denote a characteristic action: rept-ar, to crawl; rept-ero, a reptile (cf. -ajo with intransitive verbs); rod-ar, to gnaw; rod-ero, a rodent; klim-ar, to climb; klim-ero, climber (a plant, for instance, which has a tendency to climb). Note: It differs from the present participle in that -ero refers to an habi- tual act, while -anto indicates a person performing a mere act at the present time. dans-anto is simply a person now dancing (possibly one who never danced before); dans-ero, refers to a person accustomed to dance (though not profe- ssionally); (cf. -ist). -eri-: denotes an establishment, especiallly industrial: imprim-erio, a printing establishment; distil-erio, a distillery; lakt-erio, a dairy; chapel-erio, a hat factory ; (cf. note under -ey-). -es-: corresponds to the English suffixes -ion, -ness, -ity, -ship, etc.; used abstractly; denoting with non-verbal roots a state or quality: infant-o, a child; infant-eso, infancy, childhood, childishness; malad-a, sick; malad- eso, sickness ; bel-eso, beauty; qual-eso, quality; vir-eso, manliness, viri- lity. With verbal roots, it denotes a passive state: exhaust-ar, to exhaust; exhaust-eso, exhaustion (state of being exhausted); expans-ar, to expand; ex- pans-eso, expansion. Note: This suffix is the root of the verb es-ar (to be) -esk-: forms intransitive verbs denoting: to begin to, become, start, get, come to be: dorm-ar, to sleep; dorm-eskar, to fall asleep; irac-eskar, to fly into a rage, begin to be mad; pal-a, pale; pal-eskar, to turn pale; rich-a, rich; rich-eskar, to get, become rich. petr-o, stone; petr-eskar, to become a stone. -estr-: head of, chief of: urb-o, city; urrb-estro, mayor; nav-o, ship; nav-estro, captain. -et-: forms diminutives or indicates a smaaller degree or qualitative change: mont-o, mountain; mont-eto, hill; river-o, river; river-eto, a brook; bel-a, beautiful; bel-eta, pretty; varm-a, warm; varm-eta, lukewarm; rid-ar, to laugh, rid-etar, to smile; dorm-etar, to sleep a little, take a nap. It is also used as an affectionate diminutive: patrul-eto, daddy; patrin-eto, little mother, dear mother. -ey-: denotes the place of (or for) the acction or object characterized by the root (generally a room or building): kaval-o, horse, kaval-eyo, place for a horse or horses, a stable; koqu-ar, to cook; koqu-eyo, a place for cooking, a kitchen; manj-ar, to eat; manj-eyo, a place for eating, a dining room. Note: This suffix can be sufficiently distinguished from -eri by the follow- ing examples : lav-ar, to wash; lav-eyo, is a place for washing, a wash-room; lav-erio, is a washing establishment, a laundry; manj-eyo is simply a place to eat; manj-erio is an eating establishment: a restaurant; (cf. note under -i-). -i-: denotes a domain, province, country, depending upon the authority of the person involved: rej-o, king, queen; rej-io, kingdom; duk-o, duke, duchess; duk-io, a duchy; episkop-io, diocese; parok-io, parish. Note: With the suffix -ey-, instead of -i-, the above words would refer to residences, palaces, castles: duk-eyo, a ducal palace; episkop-eyo, residence of a bishop. rej-eyo, royal palace. -id-: denotes offspring, descendant: izraeel-ido, an Israelite; rej-ido, the of- fspring of a king ; Napoleon-ido, a descendant of Napoleon. This suffix ref- ers only to offspring of persons. For progeny other than of persons, -yun- is used: bov-yuno, a veal; kaval-yuno, a foal; (cf. -yun-). -ier-: with persons, it denotes an individdual characterized by a certain attri- bute, object or peculiarity: kuras-o, cuirass, armor; kuras-iero, armor-clad- person; rent-o, annuity, rent-iero, annuity-holder, annuitant, person of in- dependent means. -ier- can also designate a tree or plant which bears, prod- uces: pom-o, an apple, pom-iero, an apple tree; roz-o, a rose; roz-iero, a rose bush. With things, it denotes a holder, stand, etc. into which the ob- ject is appropriately put: sigar-o, cigar; sigar-iero, a cigar-holder; plum-iero, a pen-holder; kandel-iero, a candlestick. Note: This last use of the suffix is somewhat similar to the use of -uyo, but -uyo refers to a case, box, chest, sheath: sigar-uyo, a cigar box; plum-uyo, a box for pens; kandel-uyo, a receptacle for candles. -if-: added to nominal roots to form intraansitive verbs denoting: to generate, produce, secrete : sang-o, blood; sang-ifar, to bleed, to loose blood; urin- ifar, to secrete urine, to urinate; sudor-o, perspiration; sudor-ifar, to perspire; pom-ifar, to bear apples; flor-ifar, to flower. This suffix is par- ticularly useful to indicate the manufacture, making of tools and other art- icles: martel-o, a hammer; martel-ifar, to make, manufacture hammers (to ham- mer something is expressed by martel-agar); martel-if-isto, a hammer maker. -ig-: added to adjectives and nouns to forrm verbs with a transitive sense, de- noting: to make, render, transform into: petr-o, a stone; petr-igar, to petr- ify; fil-o, a thread, fil-igar, to transform (something) into thread; bel-a, beautiful; bel-igar, to beautify; rekt-a, straight, rekt-igar, to straighten; larj-a, broad; larj-igar, to broaden. Note 1: This suffix is also used as an independent verb meaning : to make, to render, to cause: (igar richa = rich-igar = to enrich). With intransitive verbs, it gives an active sense (= ig-ar xxx-anta), thus transforming them into transitive verbs: dorm-ar, to sleep ; dorm-igar, to put (someone) to sleep (= ig-ar dorm-anta); pac-ar, to be at peace; pac-igar, to pacify; mort-ar, to die; mort-igar, to cause to die, put to death. With transitive verbs, it has a passive sense (= ig-ar xxx-ata), usually followed by the pre- position da; skrib-igar = igar skribata. Examples of this use can be found in the dictionary under da and ig-ar (cf. Talmoy's Text Book, pp. 48, 49 and note 21). Note 2: The use of -igar with da and transitive verbs is in many cases some- what difficult for English speakers. The author recommends the more direct constructions: me igas Robert skribar letro = I let Robert write a letter, (instead of: me skribigas letro da Robert = me igas letro skribata da Robert = I let a letter be written by Robert). -ik-: means "sick of", "suffering from"; rrefers to a person having the disease, not the disease itself: artrit-o, arthritis; artrit-iko, an arthritic; alko- hol-iko, an alcoholic patient. tuberklos-o, tuberculosis; tuberklos-iko, a tubercular patient. Note: In such cases, the suffix -ala would be an adjective referring to the disease, not to the person who has it: artrit-o, arthritis; artrit-ala dolo- ro, arthritic pain. -il-: added to verbal roots, it denotes thhe instrument, the tool or the means of performing an action: bros-ar, to brush; bros-ilo, a brush; paf-ar, to shoot; paf-ilo, a shooting instrument, as a gun ; telegraf-ilo: a telegraph- ing instrument; bar-ar, to barr; bar-ilo, a barrier. Note : In cases where there are many kinds of instruments to perform a cert- ain action, more appropriate words should be used, if possible, in place of -il-, which carries a general meaning: skrib-ilo may refer to any kind of writing instruments: pen, pencil, typewriter, etc..; therefore it is ordin- arily desirable to use in place of -il-, the words: plumo, krayono, skrib- mashino; tranch-ilo (tranch-ar = to cut) may refer to any cutting instrument, therefore kultelo should be used when a knife is meant. Use fusil-o in place of paf-ilo when a gun is meant. -in-: signifies an individual of the femalle sex : frat-o, brother or sister; frat-ino, sister; spoz-ino, wife; bov-ino, cow. -ind-: with verbal roots, creates adjectivves which signify: deserving to be, worthy of, meriting: laud-ar, to praise; laud-inda, praiseworthy, laudable; respekt-inda, respectable, deserving of respect. Note : This suffix clearly differs from -end- : libro lekt-inda, a book worth reading; libro lekt-enda, a book which must be read ; Carthago destrukt-inda, Carthage is worthy of destruction; Carthage destrukt-enda, Carthage must be destroyed. The first indicates an opinion, the second, an intention, a reso- lution. -ism-: denotes a system, doctrine, cult: ssocial-ismo, socialism; imperial-ismo, imperialism; Katolik-ismo, Catholicism. * kelka'tempe "easy upload" en Yahoo! ne funcionas bone, hike soccial-lismo kompreneble mustas esar social-ismo. -ist-: denotes a person engaged permanentlly in some occupation, profession: botanik-isto, botanist; pord-isto, doorkeeper; dent-isto, dentist; kant-isto, a professional singer; (cf. -er-). By extension, -ista, -isto refers to the adherent of a party, system, doctrine: social-isto, socialist. Note: A merchant may be distinguished from a producer by using xxx-vend-isto for the former and xxx-if-isto for the latter: mobl-o, furniture; moblo-vend- isto, a dealer in furniture; mobl-if-isto, a furniture maker. -iv-: added to verbal roots; has essentiallly an active signification: capable of, that can (do): instrukt-ar, to instruct; instrukt-iva, instructive; sug- est-ar, to suggest; sugest-iva, suggestive; konvink-ar, to convince; konvink- iva, convincing. The substantive of this suffix is particularly useful in technical terms: atrakt-ar, to attract; atrakt-iva, -ivo, attractive; nutrar, to nourish; nutr-iva, -ivo, nutritive ; kondukt-iv-eso, conductibility. Note: This suffix differs from -anta in that -iva denotes a permanent state, -anta, a temporary condition. -iva signifies what has naturally and essent- ially the basic property indicated by the verbal root. For example, a sub- stance which accidentally causes purging is not necessarily a purgative by nature (purg-iv-a, -o), but only purg-anta for the time being. A text-book can be said to be instrukt-iva even though no one studies it, but it cannot be said to be instrukt-anta unless someone is reading it. -iz-: added especially to substantive rootts to form transitive verbs signify- ing: to cover with, supply with, furnish with, provide with, ornament with: oro, gold; or-izar, to cover (something) with gold, to gold-plate; arm-o, weapon, arm; arm-izar, to arm, ЎИto weaponizeЎЙ; kron-o, a crown; kron-izar, to crown (somebody). Note: The comparative use of -ifar, -igar, -izar, -eskar, may be seen in the following examples : burjon-o, a bud; burjon-ifar = to produce buds, to bud; burjon-izar = to cover something with buds; burjon-igar = to cause something to bud; burjon-eskar = to become a bud. sal-o, salt; sal-ifar, to produce salt. We salt (sal-izas), or butter (butr-izas) our bread to give it the pro- per relish, and we salt (sal-izas, put salt on) our fish to preserve them. From the intransitive verb sid-ar, be seated, we derive the transitive verb sid-igar, to seat, cause some one to sit down, and sid-eskar, to take one's seat, (start) to sit down. The suffixes -izar, -igar have a transitive sense; -eskar has an intransitive sense. -oz-: defines adjectives denoting: full off, containing, ornamented with, having in itself: por-o, a pore; por-oza, porous; por-oz-eso, porosity (state); kuraj-o, the courage; kuraj-oza, courageous; joy-o, the joy; joy-oza, joyous. Note : The difference between -a and -oza: aqua voyo, a water-way, (a way which is water, as a canal), aqu-oza voyo, a road full of water (puddles, etc.) ; (cf. note under -al-). -ul-: denotes the male sex: patr-ulo, fathher; spoz-ulo, husband; kaval-ulo, stallion; kat-ulo, tomcat. (cf. -in-). Note : This suffix is sometimes omitted for euphony when the sex of the sub- stantive is made clear by the context. For example, abad-ulo (a monk) may be smoothened to abado in a text where there is no mistaking in the meaning. Strictly speaking, however, abado carries with it no sex distinction. -um-: is used with a few roots to form derrivative meanings which the other suf- fixes cannot logically express. It is analogous to the use of ye among the prepositions. Meanings must be looked up in the dictionary. It is not to be used arbitrarily, but only for derivatives authorized by the Idist Academy. Examples: kolo, a neck; kol-umo, collar; kruco, a cross; kruc-um-ar, to cross (roads, etc.); folio, a leaf, a page; foli-um-ar, to turn the leaves of (a book, etc.); formik-o, an ant; formik-umar, to swarm, to team. -un-: sometimes used as a suffix to denotee one individual unit of a substance which naturally consists of many such units. sabl-o, sand; sabl-uno, a grain of sand; grel-o, hail; grel-uno, a hailstone. Note : grano, a grain, is preferable to -uno in expressing one individual unit of corn; rye, wheat: sekal-o, rye; sekal-grano, grain of rye. Maiz-o, corn; maizo-grano, grain of corn; frument-o, wheat; frumento-grano, a grain of wheat. When a substance has no natural units, -uno is not appropriate and instead of it use words like peco (a piece), floko (a flake), parto, (a part) , parteto (a small part), etc.: nivo- floko, a snow flake, sukro-peco, piece of sugar. (Talmey, Text Book, p. 50). -ur-: joined to verbal roots to distinguissh the result, or product of an act, from the act itself: pikt-uro, a picture (as distinguished from the act of painting, pikt-o, -ado) ; imprim-uro, the print (imprim-ado indicates only the act of printing) ; apert-ar, to open; apert-uro, an opening; fend-ar, to split; fend-uro, a split, (the result of splitting). Note: In many cases there is no real distinction between the act and its result, therefore the termination in -o is sufficient in those cases: la abandono di navo, the abandonment of a ship (abandonar = to abandon, navo = ship). Sometimes this signification can as well, or even better, be expressed by using -aj- : dic-ar, to say; dic-ajo, what is said or was said; donac-ar, to give a gift, to donate; donac-o, the act of donating a gift; donac-ajo, what is given, a gift (cf. donac-ata, donac-ita). There exists, however, many cases where the result or product of the act is not identical with the pass- ive object of the act and therefore -uro must be used: imit-ar, to imitate; imit-ajo is the thing imitated (the passive object of the act, cf. imit-ata, imit-ita) ; imit-uro is then the imitation made from the object imitated (it is the product of the act); kopi-ar, to copy; kopi-uro, the copy, is made from the kopi-ajo, the original object copied; traduk-ar = to translate; traduk-uro, a translation, is certainly different from traduk-ajo, which is the text from which it was translated. -ajo indicates either something poss- essing the property given by the original root (mol-a, soft; mol-ajo: some- thing soft; bel-ajo: something beautiful, cf. note under -aj-) or refers to something existing prior to the act (as manj-ajo: food). -ur- implies the production of something which, until the act, had no existence, as imprim- uro: the printed text (imprim-ajo would refer to the text used to make the imprint). -uy-: with nominal roots denotes a receptaacle (ordinarily a case, sheath, box, chest): monet-o, money; monet-uyo, a purse; ink-uyo, an inkwell; sup-uyo, a soup tureen; violin-uyo, a violin case; sigar-uyo, a cigar-box (not a cigar- holder, which is: sigar-iero; cf. note under -iero). -yun-: (taken from the independent root yuun-a: young) is used to indicate the young of animals (cf. -id-): bovo, a bull / cow; bov-yuno, a calf; han-o, a hen / rooster; han-yuno, pullet. General Note : ---------------------------------------------------------------- Several affixes (prefixes and suffixes) may be added to one root to form new words: medicin-o, a medicine; medicin-ist-acho, a quack; vid-ar, to see; ne- pre-vid-ebl-eso, impossibility of being foreseen. NUMERAL SUFFIXES -esm- : ordinal numbers : un-esma, first; du-esma, second. -im- : fraction : tri-ima, a third (part) ; quar-imo, a quarter. -op- : distributive : quar-ope, in fours, four at a time. -opl- : multiplying suffix : du-opla, doubble; tri-ople kin eses dek-e-kin, three times five is fifteen. Where numbers are used in connection with the word "time', the root "foy(o)" is used as a suffix: du-foye, two times, twice; quar-foye, four times ; tri-foya eko, an echo repeated three times. COMPOUNDED WORDS The general rule for determining the sense of a compounded word is that the last word is the principal one (the defined word) and is to be read first - the firsi word of the compound carrying a sort of adjectival sense which defines the last: vapor-navo, steamship ; skrib-tablo, writing table; here the root idea is provided by navo, tablo modified by the descriptive words: vapor-: skrib-. Ped-frapar, to kick with the foot; avan-abrakio, forearm; en'irar, to go in, to enter, are other examples of composition which fall under the general rule. In a few combinations, especially in certain preposi- tional-adjectival ones as: inter-naciona, trans-atlantika, trans-oceana, inter-kosta, du-masta, the significations must be taken by considering the two parts as forming one whole, the words being of equal value (internaciona = quo eses inter la nationi, e.c.). Such combinations are not many and can be easily understood from their international uses. NUMERAL PUNCTUATION The Idist Academy has not as yet given any decision as to the proper way of marking the decimal point and separating large numbers. To prevent possible misunderstanding, the student is advised to follow the following method which was that of "Pprogreso" and the majority of ldist journals: use a comma for the decimal point and a period between the other numbers: 4.300,10; four thousand, three hundred, and ten one-hundredths. It is to be noted that this is the direct opposite of ordinary English usage. (L. H. Dyer) However even today quite a many Idists follow the ordinary English usage as in 4,300.10. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To dream the impossible dream To fight the unbeatable foe To bear with unbearable sorrow To run where the brave dare not go To right the unrightable wrong To love pure and chaste from afar To try when your arms are too weary To reach the unreachable star This is my quest To follow that star No matter how hopeless No matter how far To fight for the right Without question or pause To be willing to march into Hell For a heavenly cause And I know if I'll only be true To this glorious quest That my heart will lie peaceful and calm When I'm laid to my rest And the world will be better for this That one man, scorned and covered with scars Still strove with his last ounce of courage To reach the unreachable star ****** Ido vivez e vivez Ido! ***** =============================================================================== Sufixi -aj- ed -ur-: $ Manjajo - manjuro: Manjajo esas karno, pano, legumi e c. Okida*! Do, quo esas manjuro ? Tote simpla ! La manjuro esas feko o kakajo. Kad onu ne bezonas la difero ? Pliz uzez -aj- preske sempre kande vua substantivo koncernas la verbo. Ma kande la verbo produktas la substantivo per irga procedo kemiala od altra kelke komplexa, uzez -ur-. La sufixo -ur- do indikas ula procedo artificala da homo. $ Vendajo - venduro: Vendajo esas irgo quan vu deziras vendar. Venduro esas pekunio o profito pos ke vu vendabas vua vendajo. $ Vundajo - vunduro: De la verbo vundar: vundo = ago qua efektigas la vunduro = produktajo qua divenas per l'ago, dum ke vundajo = (exemple) vundita pedo. Vundajo esas vundita pedo. Vunduro esas sango pos la procedo dal cirkulal sistemo. $ Afrankajo - afrankuro: Afrankuro existas en la Franca ma ne afrankajo; onu dicas ke la letro o la karto o la pako esas afrankita. De la verbo afrankar: afranko = l'ago, afrankuro = postal marko o la sumo di ti, dum ke afrankajo = letro qua esas afrankita. Afrankajo esas letro qua esas afrankita. Afrankuro esas profito del afrankajo por postokontoro. $ Fendajo - fenduro: De la verbo fendar: fendo = l'ago, fenduro = loko ube la tero o roko esas fendita, dum ke fendajo = objekto fendita, (sive tero, roko, glacio, ligno e.c.). Fendajo esas objekto fendita, (sive tero, roko, glacio, ligno e.c.). Fenduro esas loko ube la tero o roko esas fendita. Fenduro esas truo o foso, aden-ube aquo od insekti povas invadar. $ Fotografajo e fotografuro: De la verbo fotografar: fotografo = l'ago, fotografuro = la objekto diveninta per l'ago, dum ke fotografajo= la objekto fotografita. Fotografajo esas kompreneble nuda muliero. Fotografuro lore esas l'objekto per qua onu darfas forsan onaniar. $ Rezultajo - rezulturo: Rezultar esas netransitiva verbo, do on povas aplikar -ajo: rezultajo. Ma on povus anke havar rezulturo (videz supere la sufixo -uro). Onu generale uzas "rezultajo", pro ke rezultar esas netransitiva verbo ed onu ne darfas dicar "rezulturo". Tamen kande onu aplikas komplexa procedo por ganar la rezultajo, onu darfus uzar "rezulturo" (takaze, artificala).