Leningrad

51 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, p. 218 (December 1942); Vasilisa Malysheva, 23 July–7 August 1942; RGALI: Fond 2733, op. 1, yed. khr. 872, p. 160.

52 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, pp. 215–16. Similar rhymes of the time are given in O. E. Molkina, ‘Nemtsy v koltsye blokady’, Istoriya Peterburga, 3, pp. 62–4.

53 Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, pp. 148, 164–5 (28 August and 22 September 1942). The NKVD put it another way. Factory managers should stop sending their weakest, least skilled employees to cut logs, a report to Zhdanov of 9 January 1942 complained, because they failed to fulfil their norms and ‘sat idly about’ (TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v). For another description of conscription to a peatworks see Valentina Bushueva, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 136–7.

Chapter 20: The Leningrad Symphony

1 BBC Written Archives Centre: E1/127 °Countries: Russia — Material for Use in Programmes, file 1, 1941–43.

2 Aleksandr Rubashkin, Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady, p. 173.

3 BBC Written Archives Centre: E1/1281 Countries: Russia; Russian Service (Policy) file 1, 1939–44.

4 Dmitri Shostakovich, Story of a Friendship: The Letters of Dmitry Shostakovich to Isaak Glikman, 1941–1975, p. xxxiv.

5 Solomon Volkov, St Petersburg: A Cultural History, p. 429.

6 Ibid., p. 433.

7 Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’, Zvezda, 6, 1990, p. 153 (29 March 1942).

8 Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945, p. 272.

9 BBC Written Archives Centre: R46/297: Leningrad Symphony 1942–44.

10 Solomon Volkov, ed., Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich, pp. 17, 104–6. Notes to Pages 360–368

11 Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’, Zvezda, 4, April 1991, p. 140 (7 February 1942).

12 Kseniya Matus, in Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, p. 149. See also Rubashkin, Golos Leningrada, pp. 163–73.

13 Harlow Robinson, ‘Composing for Victory’, in Richard Stites, ed., Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, p. 71; Volkov, St Petersburg, p. 442.

14 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 102 (9 August 1942).

15 Volkov, ed., Testimony, p. 118.

16 Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44, p. 36.

17 Stanislav Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 20.

18 Galina Vishnevskaya, Galina: A Russian Story, New York, 1984, pp. 30–35. Vishnevskaya went on to become one of Russia’s greatest lyric sopranos. She and her husband, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, defected to the West in the late 1960s, having courted official disfavour by befriending Solzhenitsyn. Their collection of Russian art, purchased by a Russian steel magnate in 2007, is currently on public display in St Petersburg.

19 Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 86.

20 Report by the City Executive Committee to Kosygin, 28 July 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 154, p. 344. See also Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 149.

21 Kotov,Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, pp. 78–84.

22 Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.

23 James Clapperton, The Siege of Leningrad and the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Conversations with Survivors, Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006, p. 393; Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 179–80.

24 Clapperton, Siege of Leningrad, p. 120.

25 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 148–9 (28 May 1943).

26 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 201, quoting an article from The Times, 5 January 1944.

27 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 183.

28 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, p. 281.

29 Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom dereve (1942–1944 gg.)’, Neva, 2, 1994, p. 219 (11 May 1943).

Chapter 21: The Last Year