Отражаясь в людях: почему мы понимаем друг друга

123 Хороший пример - совместная работа лабораторий Джакомо Ридзолатти и Ги Орбана, в ходе которой мозговая активность обезьян при наблюдении за действиями измерялась не на клеточном уровне с помощью электродов, а посредством ФМРТ: Nelissen, К., G. Luppino, W. Vanduffel, et ah, “Observing Others: Multiple Action Representation in the Frontal Lobe,” Science 310 (2005): 332-336.

124 Leao, A.A.P, “Spreading Depression of Activity in the Cerebral Cortex,” Journal of Neurophysiology 7 (1944): 359-390; Leao, A.A.P, and R.S. Morrison, “Propagation of Spreading Cortical Depression,” of Neurophysiology 8 (1945): 33-45.

125 Woods, R.P, M. Iacoboni, and J.C. Mazziotta, “Brief Report: Bilateral Spreading Cerebral Hypoperfusion During Spontaneous Migraine Headache,” New England Journal of Medicine 331 (1994): 1689-1692.

126 Mukamel, R., H. Gelbard, A. Arieli, et al., “Coupling Between Neuronal Firing, Field Potential, and fMRI in Human Auditory Cortex,” Science 309 (2005): 951-954.

127 Gross, C.G., “Genealogy of the Grandmother Cell,” Neuroscientist 8 (2002): 512-518.

128 Gallese, V., L., Fadiga, L. Fogassi, et ah, “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,” 119 (Pt 2) (1996): 593-609.

129 Quiroga, R.Q., L. Reddy, G. Kreiman, et al., “Invariant Visual Representation by Single Neurons in the Human Brain,” Nature 435 (2005): 1102-1107.

130 Одно из возможных объяснений состоит в том, что «клетка Дженнифер Энистон» кодирует не актрису Дженнифер Энистон, а Рэйчел, которую она играет в сериале «Друзья». Может быть, именно поэтому клетка не отреагировала на фотографию Энистон с Брэдом Питтом. Спасибо Келси Лэрд за это соображение.

131 Ekstrom, A.D., M.J. Kahana, J.B. Caplan, et al., “Cellular Networks Underlying Human Spatial Navigation,” Nature 425 (2003): 184-188; Kreiman, G., C. Koch, and I. Fried, “Imagery Neurons in the Human Brain,” Nature 408 (2000): 357-361.

132 Dijksterhuis, A., “Why We Are Social Animals: The High Road to Imitationas Social Glue, ” in Hurley and Chafer, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 207-220.

133 Mukamel, R., A.D. Ekstrom, J. Kaplan, et al., “Mirror Neurons of Single Cells in Human Medial Frontal Cortex,” Program No. 127.4 2007 Abstract Viewer, CD-ROM, Society for Neuroscience meeting, San Diego, CA.

Плохой, злой: насилие и наркомания

134 Первые два раздела этой главы основаны на моем ответе на «всемирный вопрос» сетевого журнала Edge (www.edge. org) в 2006 году. Ответ был напечатан в книге J. Brockman, What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today’s Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 71-74.

135 Brison, S., “Imitating Violence,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 202-204; Eldridge, J., “What Effects Does the Treatment of Violence in the Mass Media Have on People’s Conduct? A Controversy Reconsidered,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 243-255.

136 Bandura, A., Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977); Geen, R., and S. Thomas, “The Immediate Effects of Media Violence on Behaviour,” Journal of Social Issues 42 (1986): 7-28; Paik, H., and G. Comstock, “The Effects of Television Violence on Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-analysis,” Communication Research 21 (1994): 516-546; Bushman, B., and L. Huesmann, “Effects of Television Violence on Aggression,” in D. Singer and J. Singer, eds., Handbook of Children and the Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), 223-254.

137 Kostinsky, S., E.O. Bixler, and PA. Kettl, “Threats of School Violence in Pennsylvania After Media Coverage of the Columbine High School Massacre: Examining the Role of Imitation,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 155 (2001): 994-1001; Huesmann, L. and L. Eron, “Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross-national Comparison,” (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1986); Milavsky, J., R. Kessler, Stipp, et ah, Television and Aggression: A Panel Study (New York: Academic Press, 1982).

138 Huesmann, L.R.,“Imitation and the Effects of Observing Media Violence on Behavior,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 257-266.

139 Comstock, G., “Media Violence and Aggression, Properly Considered,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 371-380.

140 Hurley, S., “Imitation, Media Violence, and Freedom of Speech,” Philosophical Studies 117 (2004): 165—218; Brison, S., “Imitating Violence,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 202-204.

141 Marcus, S., Neuroethics: Mapping the Field (New York: Dana Press, 2002); Gazzaniga, M.S., The Ethical Brain (New York: Dana Press, 2005).