Почему тело дает сбой. Как ежедневные привычки могут незаметно нас убивать

обнаружил TNF-α и в жировой ткани: Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Narinder S. Shargill, and Bruce M. Spiegelman, “Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance”, Science 259, no. 5091 (Jan. 1, 1993).

это справедливо и для людей: Gökhan S. Hotamisligil et al., “Increased Adipose Tissue Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Human Obesity and Insulin Resistance”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 95, no. 5 (May 1995).

но и многие другие: S. K. Garg et al., “Diabetes and Cancer: Two Diseases with Obesity as a Common Risk Factor”, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16, no. 2 (Feb. 2014); Maximilian Zeyda and Thomas M. Stulnig, “Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance – a MiniReview”, Gerontology 55, no. 4 (2009).

большинство воспалительных цитокинов: Stuart P. Weisberg et al., “Obesity Is Associated with Macrophage Accumulation in Adipose Tissue”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, no. 12 (Dec. 2003); Haiyan Xu et al., “Chronic Inflammation in Fat Plays a Crucial Role in the Development of Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, no. 12 (Dec. 2003).

Ожирение вызывает в организме стресс, подобно инфекции: Marc Y. Donath et al., “Inflammation in Obesity and Diabetes: Islet Dysfunction and Therapeutic Opportunity”, Cell Metabolism 17, no. 6 (June 4, 2013).

на самом деле являются иммунными клетками: Anthony Ferrante, email to author, May 2021.

данные также указывают и на другие клетки врожденного иммунитета: A. W. Ferrante, Jr., “The Immune Cells in Adipose Tissue”, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15, Suppl. 3 (Sept. 2013).

новой области биомедицинских исследований под названием иммунометаболизм: Diane Mathis and Steven E. Shoelson, “Immunometabolism: An Emerging Frontier”, Nature Reviews Immunology 11, no. 2 (Feb. 2011).

тесной связи между воспалением и метаболизмом: Justin I. Odegaard and Ajay Chawla, “Pleiotropic Actions of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Metabolic Homeostasis”, Science 339, no. 6116 (Jan. 11, 2013); Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, “Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders”, Nature 444, no. 7121 (Dec. 14, 2006).

от одной и той же клетки-предка: O’Rourke, “Inflammation, Obesity, and the Promise”. 91 embracing them tightly: O’Rourke, “Inflammation, Obesity, and the Promise.”

может объяснять связь между жиром и его негативными последствиями: См., например: Carey N. Lumeng and Alan R. Saltiel, “Inflammatory Links between Obesity and Metabolic Disease”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 121, no. 6 (June 2011); Margaret F. Gregor and Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, “Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity”, Annual Review of Immunology 29 (2011); F. Tona et al., “Systemic Inflammation Is Related to Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Obese Patients without Obstructive Coronary Disease”, Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 24, no. 4 (April 2014); Fátima Pérez de Heredia, Sonia Gómez-Martinez, and Ascensión Marcos, “Obesity, Inflammation and the Immune System”, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 2 (May 2012).

заметил, что распределение жира в организме: P. Mathieu, I. Lemieux, and J. P. Després, “Obesity, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk”, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2010).

повышенный риск преждевременной смерти: Ahmad Jayedi et al., “Central Fatness and Risk of All Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 72 Prospective Cohort Studies”, British Medical Journal 370 (Sept. 23, 2020).

таких как сердце и его сосуды: Zdenek Matloch et al., “The Role of Inflammation in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Diseases”, Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 3 (2018); M. Iantorno et al., “Obesity, Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction”, Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 28, no. 2 (April– June 2014).

и как метаболическое, и как иммунное заболевание: См., например: Steven E. Shoelson, Laura Herrero, and Afia Naaz, “Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance”, Gastroenterology 132, no. 6 (May 2007); Jongsoon Lee, “Adipose Tissue Macrophages in the Development of Obesity-Induced Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes”, Archives of Pharmacal Research 36, no. 2 (Feb. 2013); Joanne C. McNelis and Jerrold M. Olefsky, “Macrophages, Immunity, and Metabolic Disease”, Immunity 41, no. 1 (July 17, 2014); Marc Y. Donath, “Targeting Inflammation in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Time to Start”, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 13, no. 6 (June 2014).

организм бы буквально съел самого себя заживо: Odegaard and Chawla, “Pleiotropic Actions of Insulin Resistance”.

Вильгельм Эбштейн писал: Steven Shoelson, “JMM – Past and Present”, Journal of Molecular Medicine 80 (2002).

столкнулся с тем же открытием: Steven E. Shoelson, Jongsoon Lee, and Allison B. Goldfine, “Inflammation and Insulin Resistance”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 116, no. 7 (July 2006).