12 Solly, M. U.S. life expectancy drops for third year in a row, reflecting rising drug overdoses, suicides. Smart News (2018). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/us-life-expectancy-drops-third-year-row-reflecting-rising-drug-overdose-suicide-rates-180970942/.
13 Redfield, R. R. CDC director’s media statement on US life expectancy. (US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Newsroom, 2018). https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/s1129-USlife-expectancy.html
14 Himmelstein, D. E., Warren, E., Thorne, D., & Woolhander, S. Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy. Health Affairs Web Exclusive W5–63 (2009).
15 Avalere Health LLC. Total cost of cancer care by site of service: physician office vs outpatient hospital (2012). http://www.communityoncology.org/pdfs/avalere-cost-of-cancer-care-study.pdf.
16 Beltran-Sanchez, H., Preston, S. H., & Canudas-Romo, V. An integrated approach to cause-ofdeath analysis: cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy. Demogr Res 19, 1323, doi:10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.35 (2008).
17 Vallin, J. & Mesle, F. The segmented trend line of highest life expectancies. Pop. Develop. Rev. 35159–187, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25487645 (2009).
18 Kamal, R., Cox, C., & McDermott, D. What Are the Recent and Forecasted Trends in Prescription Drug Spending? Growth in Prescription Spending Has Slowed Again in 2017, after Increasing Rapidly in 2014 and 2015. Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker (2019). https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/recent-forecasted-trends-prescription-drug-spending/#item-start.
19 Light, D. W. New prescription drugs: a major health risk with few offsetting advantages. (2014). https://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/new-prescription-drugs-major-health-risk-few-offsetting-advantages.
20 Public Citizen’s Health Research Group. Worst pills, best pills. An expert, independent second opinion on more than 1,800 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications and supplements (2019). https://www.worstpills.org/public/page.cfm?op_id=4.
21 Starfield, B. Primary care: balancing health needs, services, and technology (Oxford University Press, 1998).
22 US Food & Drug Administration. Preventable adverse drug reactions: a focus on drug interactions. (2018). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/preventable-adverse-drug-reactions-focus-drug-interactions.
23 Kaiser Family Foundation. Total health care employment. (2017). https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-health-careemployment/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort% 22:%22asc%22%7D.
24 World Population Review. Life expectancy by country 2017 (2017). http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/life-expectancy-by-country/.
25 Mikulic, M. Global pharmaceutical industry – statistics and facts. Statista (2019). https://www.statista.com/topics/1764/global-pharmaceutical-industry/.
26 Wikipedia. List of countries by government budget. Wikipedia (2019). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_budget.
27 Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., Kagan, A., Revotskie, N., & Stokes, J. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease – six-year follow-up experience. Ann. Internal Medi. 55, 33–50 (1961).
28 Jolliffe, N. & Archer, M. Statistical associations between international coronary heart disease death rates and certain environmental factors. J. Chronic Dis. 9, 636–652 (1959).
29 Stemmermann, G. N., Nomura, A. M. Y., Heilbrun, L. K., Pollack, E. S., & Kagan, A. Serum cholesterol and colon cancer incidence in Hawaiian Japanese men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67, 1179–1182 (1981).
30 Kagan, A., Harris, B. R., & Winkelstein, W. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. J. Chronic Dis. 27, 345–364 (1974).
31 Kato, H., Tillotson, J., Nichaman, M. Z., Rhoads, G., & Hamilton, H. B. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: serum lipids and diet. Am. J. Epidemiol. 97, 372–385 (1973).
32 Morrison, L. M. Arteriosclerosis. JAMA 145, 1232–1236 (1951).
33 Ornish, D., Brown, S. E., Scherwitz, L. W., Billings, J. H., Armstrong, W. T., Ports, T. A. et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 336, 129–133 (1990).
34 Sipherd, R. The third-leading cause of death in US most doctors don’t want you to know about. CNBC (2018). https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/22/medical-errors-third-leading-cause-of-death-in-america.html.
35 Scrimgeour, E. M., McCall, M. G., Smith, D. E., & Masarei, J. R. L. Levels of serum cholesterol,triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-1 and B, and plasma glucose, and prevalence ofdiastolic hypertension and cigarette smoking in Papua New Guinea Highlanders. Pathology 21, 46–50 (1989).
36 National Cancer Institute. National Cancer Act of 1971 (2016). https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/legislative/history/national-cancer-act-1971#declarations.