Russia

SOCIAL CLASSES

Do Social Classes or Castes Exist in Russia?—Well-marked Social

Types—Classes Recognised by the Legislation and the Official

Statistics—Origin and Gradual Formation of these Classes—Peculiarity

in the Historical Development of Russia—Political Life and Political

Parties.

CHAPTER XXIV

CHAPTER XXIV

THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE OFFICIALS

The Officials in Norgorod Assist Me in My Studies—The Modern Imperial

Administration Created by Peter the Great, and Developed by his

Successors—A Slavophil's View of the Administration—The Administration

Briefly Described—The Tchinovniks, or Officials—Official Titles, and

Their Real Significance—What the Administration Has Done for Russia in

the Past—Its Character Determined by the Peculiar Relation between

the Government and the People—Its Radical Vices—Bureaucratic

Remedies—Complicated Formal Procedure—The Gendarmerie: My Personal

Relations with this Branch of the Administration; Arrest and Release—A

Strong, Healthy Public Opinion the Only Effectual Remedy for Bad

Administration.

CHAPTER XXV

CHAPTER XXV

MOSCOW AND THE SLAVOPHILS

Two Ancient Cities—Kief Not a Good Point for Studying Old Russian

National Life—Great Russians and Little Russians—Moscow—Easter Eve

in the Kremlin—Curious Custom—Anecdote of the Emperor

Nicholas—Domiciliary Visits of the Iberian Madonna—The Streets of

Moscow—Recent Changes in the Character of the City—Vulgar Conception

of the Slavophils—Opinion Founded on Personal Acquaintance—Slavophil

Sentiment a Century Ago—Origin and Development of the Slavophil

Doctrine—Slavophilism Essentially Muscovite—The Panslavist

Element—The Slavophils and the Emancipation.

CHAPTER XXVI

CHAPTER XXVI

ST. PETERSBURG AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE

St. Petersburg and Berlin—Big Houses—The "Lions"—Peter the Great—His

Aims and Policy—The German Regime—Nationalist Reaction—French

Influence—Consequent Intellectual Sterility—Influence of the

Sentimental School—Hostility to Foreign Influences—A New Period of

Literary Importation—Secret Societies—The Catastrophe—The Age of

Nicholas—A Terrible War on Parnassus—Decline of Romanticism and

Transcendentalism—Gogol—The Revolutionary Agitation of 1848—New

Reaction—Conclusion.

CHAPTER XXVII

CHAPTER XXVII

THE CRIMEAN WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The Emperor Nicholas and his System—The Men with Aspirations and the

Apathetically Contented—National Humiliation—Popular Discontent

and the Manuscript Literature—Death of Nicholas—Alexander II.—New

Spirit—Reform Enthusiasm—Change in the Periodical Literature—The