Russia

the Masses—Bakunin and Lavroff—"Going in among the People"—The

Missionaries of Revolutionary Socialism—Distinction between Propaganda

and Agitation—Revolutionary Pamphlets for the Common People—Aims

and Motives of the Propagandists—Failure of Propaganda—Energetic

Repression—Fruitless Attempts at Agitation—Proposal to Combine

with Liberals—Genesis of Terrorism—My Personal Relations with the

Revolutionists—Shadowers and Shadowed—A Series of Terrorist Crimes—A

Revolutionist Congress—Unsuccessful Attempts to Assassinate

the Tsar—Ineffectual Attempt at Conciliation by Loris

Melikof—Assassination of Alexander II.—The Executive Committee

Shows Itself Unpractical—Widespread Indignation and Severe

Repression—Temporary Collapse of the Revolutionary Movement—A New

Revolutionary Movement in Sight.

CHAPTER XXXVI

CHAPTER XXXVI

INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND THE PROLETARIAT

Russia till Lately a Peasant Empire—Early Efforts to Introduce Arts and

Crafts—Peter the Great and His Successors—Manufacturing Industry

Long Remains an Exotic—The Cotton Industry—The Reforms of Alexander

II.—Protectionists and Free Trade—Progress under High Tariffs—M.

Witte's Policy—How Capital Was Obtained—Increase of Exports—Foreign

Firms Cross the Customs Frontier—Rapid Development of Iron Industry—A

Commercial Crisis—M. Witte's Position Undermined by Agrarians and

Doctrinaires—M. Plehve a Formidable Opponent—His Apprehensions of

Revolution—Fall of M. Witte—The Industrial Proletariat

CHAPTER XXXVII

CHAPTER XXXVII

THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN ITS LATEST PHASE

Influence of Capitalism and Proletariat on the Revolutionary

Movement—What is to be Done?—Reply of Plekhanof—A New Departure—Karl

Marx's Theories Applied to Russia—Beginnings of a Social Democratic

Movement—The Labour Troubles of 1894-96 in St. Petersburg—The Social

Democrats' Plan of Campaign—Schism in the Party—Trade-unionism and

Political Agitation—The Labour Troubles of 1902—How the Revolutionary

Groups are Differentiated from Each Other—Social Democracy and

Constitutionalism—Terrorism—The Socialist Revolutionaries—The

Militant Organisation—Attitude of the Government—Factory

Legislation—Government's Scheme for Undermining Social

Democracy—Father Gapon and His Labour Association—The Great Strike in

St. Petersburg—Father Gapon goes over to the Revolutionaries.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

CHAPTER XXXVIII

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION AND FOREIGN POLICY

Rapid Growth of Russia—Expansive Tendency of Agricultural Peoples—The

Russo-Slavonians—The Northern Forest and the Steppe—Colonisation—The