Sex at Dawn

25. The extent to which ovulation truly is hidden in humans is not as settled a matter as many authorities claim. There is good reason to believe that olfactory systems are still able to detect ovulation in women and that such systems are significantly atrophied when compared with those of ancestral humans. See, for example, Singh and Bronstad (2001). Furthermore, there is reason to believe that women advertise their fertility status via visual cues such as jewelry and changes in facial attractiveness. See, for example, Roberts et al. (2004).

26. Daniels (1983), p. 69.

27. Gregor (1985), p. 37.

28. Crocker and Crocker (2003), pp. 125-126.

29. Wilson (1978), p. 144.

Chapter 7: Mommies Dearest

1. Pollock (2002), pp. 53-54.

2. The quote is taken from an interview by Sarah van Gelder, “Remembering Our Purpose: An Interview with Malidoma Some,” In Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, vol. 34, p. 30 (1993). Available online at http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC34/Some.htm.

3. Hrdy (1999), p. 498.

4. Darwin (1871), p. 610.

5. Leacock (1981), p. 50.

6. http://www.slate.com/id/2204451/.

7. Erikson (2002), p. 131.

8. Chernela (2002), p. 163.

9. Lea (2002), p. 113.

10. Chernela (2002), p. 173.

11. Morris (1998), p. 262.

12. Malinowski (1962), pp. 156-157.

13. See Sapolsky (2005).

14. Drucker (2004).

15. Even Jean-Jacques Rousseau, poster-boy for the Romantic ideal of the Noble Savage, made use of these baby disposals. In 1785, Benjamin Franklin visited the hospital where Rousseau had deposited his five illegitimate children and discovered a mortality rate of 85 percent among the babies there (“Baby Food,” by Jill Lepore, in The New Yorker, January 19, 2009).

16. McElvaine (2001), p. 45.

17. Betzig (1989), p. 654.

Chapter 8: Making a Mess of Marriage, Mating, and Monogamy

1. As we write this, Tiger Woods is being accused of having “slept with” more than a dozen women in cars, parking lots, on sofas.. Are we to think he’s a narcoleptic?

2. de Waal (2005), p. 108.

3. Trivers’s paper is seen as the foundational text in establishing the importance of male provisioning (investment) as a crucial factor in female sexual selection, among other things. It’s well worth a read if you want a deeper understanding of the overall development of evolutionary psychology.

4. Ghiglieri (1999), p. 150.

5. Small (1993), p. 135.

6. Roughgarden (2007). Available online:

http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/ 931165/

challenging_darwins_theory_of_sexual_selection/index.html.

7. The New Yorker, November 25, 2002.

8. Cartwright’s article is available here: http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/aia/part4/4h3106t.html.

9. Symons (1979), p. 108.

11. Article by Souhail Karam, Reuters, July 24, 2006.

12. The New Yorker, April 17, 2007.

13. Vincent of Beauvais Speculum doctrinale 10.45.

14. Both from Townsend and Levy (1990b).

Chapter 9: Paternity Certainty: The Crumbling Cornerstone of the Standard Narrative

1. Edgerton (1992), p. 182.

2. In Margolis (2004), p. 175.

3. Pollock (2002), p. 53.

4. For more on the deep connections between a society’s levels of violence and its eroticism, see Prescott (1975).

5. Quoted in Hua (2001), p. 23.

6. Namu (2004), p 276. For an excellent look at Mosuo culture, check out PBS Frontline World, “The Women’s Kingdom,” available at www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/ 2005/07/introduction_to.html.

7. Namu (2004), p. 69.

8. Namu (2004), p. 8.

9. This sacred regard for each individual’s autonomy is characteristic of foragers, too. For example, when Michael

Finkel visited the Hadza recently in Tanzania, he reported, “the Hadza recognize no official leaders. Camps are traditionally named after a senior male ... but this honor does not confer any particular power. Individual autonomy is the hallmark of the Hadza. No Hadza adult has authority over any other.” (National Geographic, December 2009.)

10. Hua (2001), pp. 202-203.

11. Namu (2004), pp. 94-95.

12. China’s Kingdom of Women, Cynthia Barnes. Slate.com

(November 17, 2006): http://www.slate.com/id/2153586/

entry/2153614.

13. Goldberg (1993), p. 15.

14. (Photo: Christopher Ryan.) When I saw this old woman, I knew her face contained the feminine strength and humor I was hoping to convey in a photo. I gestured to ask if it would be all right to take her picture. She agreed, but asked me to wait, and immediately started calling. These two little girls (granddaughters? Great-granddaughters?) came running. Once she had them in her arms, she gave me the go-ahead to take the shot.