Создатели искусственного гения. О бунтарях, которые наделили интеллектом Google, Facebook и весь мир

25 “Dr. Frank Rosenblatt Dies at 43; Taught Neurobiology at Cornell,” New York Times, July 13, 1971.

26 Rosenblatt, Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms, pp. v – viii.

27 “New Navy Device Learns by Doing,” New York Times, July 8, 1958

28 “Rival,” Talk of the Town, The New Yorker, December 6, 1958.

29 Там же.

30 Там же.

31 Там же.

32 Там же.

33 Там же.

34 Там же.

35 Там же.

36 Там же.

37 Там же.

38 Там же.

39 Там же.

40 Там же.

41 Там же.

42 Там же.

43 Там же.

44 Там же.

45 John Hay, Ben Lynch, and David Smith, “Mark I Perceptron Operators’ Manual”, 1960, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/236965.pdf

46 “Profiles, AI, Marvin Minsky”, The New Yorker, December 14, 1981.

47 Там же.

48 Там же.

49 Там же.

50 Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010), p. 16.

51 Marvin Minsky, Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1954).

52 Russell and Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, p. 17.

53 John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon, “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence”, August 31, 1955, http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf

54 Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, “Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research”, Operations Research 6, no. 1 (January – February 1958), p. 7.

55 Rosenblatt, Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms, pp. v – viii.

56 Там же.

57 Там же.

58 Там же.

59 Там же.

60 Laveen Kanal, ed., Pattern Recognition (Washington, DC: Thompson Book Company, 1968), p. vii.

61 Там же.

62 Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1969). [В русском переводе: М. Минский, С. Пейперт, Персептроны, «Мир», 1971.]

63 Там же.

64 Cade Metz, “One Genius’ Lonely Crusade to Teach a Computer Common Sense”, Wired, March 24, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/doug-lenat-artificial-intelligence-common-sense-engine/

65 “Dr. Frank Rosenblatt Dies at 43; Taught Neurobiology at Cornell”, New York Times, July 13, 1971.

66 Там же.

67 Desmond McHale, The Life and Work of George Boole: A Prelude to the Digital Age (Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press, 2014).

68 Gerry Kennedy, The Booles and the Hintons (Cork, Ireland: Atrium Press, 2016).

69 Там же.

70 U.S. Patent 1,471,465; U.S. Patent 1,488,244; U.S. Patent 1,488,245 1920; and U.S. Patent 1,488,246.

71 Kennedy, The Booles and the Hintons.

72 Peter M. Milner and Brenda Atkinson Milner, “Donald Olding Hebb. 22 July 1904–20 August 1985”, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society Publishing, 1996), 42: 192–204, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1996.0012

73 Там же.

74 Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010), p. 16.

75 Chris Darwin, “Christopher Longuet-Higgins, Cognitive scientist with a flair for chemistry”, The Guardian, June 9, 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/10/guardianobituaries.highereducation

76 James Lighthill, “Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey”, Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium, Science Research Council, 1973.

77 Там же.

78 Francis Crick, “Thinking About the Brain”, Scientific American, September 1979.

79 Lee Dye, “Nobel Physicist R. P. Feynman Dies”, Los Angeles Times, February 16, 1988, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-16-mn-42968-story.html

80 David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams, “Learning representations by back-propagating errors”, Nature 323 (1986), pp. 533–536.

81 “About DARPA”, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency website, https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa

82 Lee Hamilton and Daniel Inouye, “Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran – Contra Affair” (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987).

83 “Convolutional Neural Network video from 1993 [sic]”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/FwFduRA_L6Q

84 Там же.

85 Там же.

86 Там же.

87 Там же.

88 Там же.

89 Там же.

90 Там же.

91 Там же.

92 Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, Language and Learning: The Debate Between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).

93 Там же.

94 Там же.

95 “Learning, Then Talking”, New York Times, August 16, 1988.

96 Yann LeCun, Bernhard Boser, John Denker, et al., “Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition”, Neural Computation (Winter 1989), http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-89e.pdf

97 Eduard Säckinger, Bernhard Boser, Jane Bromley, et al., “Application of the ANNA Neural Network Chip to High-Speed Character Recognition”, IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks (March 1992).

98 Daniela Hernandez, “Facebook’s Quest to Build an Artificial Brain Depends on This Guy”, Wired, August 14, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/08/deep-learning-yann-lecun/

99 http://yann.lecun.com/ex/group/index.html, retrieved March 9, 2020.