США и борьба Латинской Америки за независимость, 1815—1830

Дэвид Портер. Гравюра из: National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Being the History of the United States. N.Y., 1929. Vol. II. P. 98. C. 253.

Здание францисканского монастыря, где в 1826 г. проходили заседания Панамского конгресса. Фото Марии Марисовой (2010). С. 274.

Джоэль Робертс Пойнсетт. Гравюра из: National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Being the History of the United States. N.Y., 1929. Vol. VI. P. 435. C. 287.

Уильям Тюдор. Портрет Гилберта Стюарта. Ок. 1809. Репродукция портрета в: MHS. Proceedings. Vol. I. 1791–1835. Boston, 1879. Between pp. 428–429. C. 305.

Джеймс Ланкастер. Портрет Джона Хэзлита (1767–1837). Ок. 1818. Национальная портретная галерея (Лондон). С. 320.

Джаред Спаркс. Акварель на слоновой кости Анны Клэйпул Пил (1791–1878). 1827. Филадельфийский художественный музей. С. 331.

Унитаристская церковь в Балтиморе, где в 1819–1823 гг. служил Джаред Спаркс. Арх. Максимилиан Годфруа (1765 – после 1840). 1817. Фото автора (2009). С. 334.

Симон Боливар. Портрет Мартина Товара и Товара (1827–1902). 1883. С. 361.

В оформлении книги использованы фрагмент гравюры «Америка» (ок. 1588–1589) из серии «Четыре континента» Адриана Колларта (Adrian Collaert, ок. 1560–1618) по эскизу Мартина де Boca (Marten de Vos, ок. 1531/1532-1603), а также карта Нового Света (сентябрь 1821 г.) Адриена-Юбера Брю (Adrien-Hubert Вше, 1786–1832).

SUMMARY

The Latin American struggle for independence ended the sequence of Enlightenment Revolutions. It was the last Atlantic revolution at the end of the heroic age of transoceanic early modern capitalism, the last “pre-telegraph” war of sailing ships and privateers. Simultaneously these controversial events laid the basis for the future development of the Western Hemisphere.

After the War of 1812 the Early Republic was analyzing its tumultuous experience: the concepts of “natural borders” and “political gravitation”, the “American system” program, and the Monroe Doctrine were developed or elaborated during the Era of Good Feelings. The United States perceived their exceptional situation as the only large democratic republic at the periphery of the Vienna system and tried to understand its national goals. The young nation was simultaneously developing its national identity and searching for its place in the world.

The 1810s – 1830s debates about the annexation of Florida and Texas became a part of a wider discussion of the United States’ national interests. This discussion included challenges of how to build relations with its imperial neighbors: powerful and rational Britain and weakening and often unpredictable Spain (and then with Spain’s former colonies which were seldom politically stable).

Back then even sectional differences were not strong enough to shake the universal belief in the continental “destiny” of the United States. For good reason one of the most ardent (and definitely most effective) expansionists was John Quincy Adams from New England.

The Latin American fight for independence became a serious challenge for the United States, one which demanded a strong response. Even after the 1822 recognition of Latin American nations the United States still faced the challenge of deciding how to treat them. Were they allies and partners in the struggle with European influence or rather distant neighbors from the point of their geographic position, political culture, and economic interests? The active Hemisphere policies were able to put the United States in the vanguard of the emerging republican community and simultaneously bring their own complications for its position in the wider world. The correct decision was hard to identify since the United States had no strong army and no professional diplomatic corps.

The Latin American Wars of Independence became an important challenge both for U.S. foreign policy and public thought. In a short period North Americans “discovered” a large Iberian world which became one of the main sources of international news. Alas, North Americans judged this world either by the rigid ideology of Enlightenment, classical republicanism and nascent liberalism or by the older “black legend” prejudice.

Following initial, rather irregular contacts, the United States attitude towards its Southern neighbors passed through at least three stages.

1) In 1815–1822 after the War of 1812 and before the recognition of Latin American nations the growing public interest towards the revolutions of the Western Hemisphere faced the moderate political line of the federal administration. The neutrality line allowed North American merchants to profit from commerce with both sides of the conflict, and the negotiations with Spain restrained the Administration.