США и борьба Латинской Америки за независимость, 1815—1830

The initial illusions were founded upon the hopes of material gain, and abstract ideas. North Americans admired “South brethren” only when the latter were successfully following their way of “rational freedom”. After the revolutionary haze thinned, the economic importance of new nations for North America turned out to be rather limited, and their political system seemed remote from Anglo-Saxon ideals.

Remarkably many supporters of the “South brethren” movement were not native North Americans. Among them were European radicals (including Irish emigrants) such as William Duane, William Thornton, Baptis Irvine and also William Cobbett, former officers of Napoleon such as Ducoudray Holstein and Orazio de Santangelo. They believed in the United States as the liberal redeemer of mankind – an idea alien to the nascent national spirit of the country. When on July 4, 1821, John Quincy Adams harshly criticized such messianism he did not just follow the Founding Fathers but also determined his country’s international strategy for decades to come.

In the first third of the nineteenth century the United States aimed to open foreign markets, broaden neutral rights, guarantee the “no-transfer” of colonial dominions in the Americas from one European power to another, and most importantly, provide for territorial expansion. Latin American policies under Madison, Monroe, Adams and Clay corresponded with this general impetus. It found its logical reflection in the Transcontinental treaty, free trade agreements with Latin American nations, support of the status quo in the Spanish Caribbean dominions (Cuba and Puerto-Rico), ans in the failed attempts of the Texas purchase.

In Latin America similar political and legal forms often masked realities different from those in the United States where liberal republicanism had become a stable form of the development of capitalist society. North Americans felt this contradiction, though in the beginning they did not want to admit it. In spite of the hopes of the “American system” ideologue, the New World unity had no strong socio-economic background.

Disappointment in the Latin American potential and the Western Hemisphere unity soon followed the hopes of 1810s – early 1820s. The goals elaborated by Clay as the State Secretary in his diplomatic instructions did not go beyond strict neutrality, in the spirit of George Washingtons Farewell Address. The pessimistic view of inter-American relations prevailed. After 1829–1830 the Southern part of the Hemisphere ceases to attract the attention of public opinion and the U.S. government. “There is but one America like ours”[1478] – this phrase expressed the feelings of many former enthusiasts.

The interest in Latin America did not expire but was narrowed and conscientiously limited. From the late 1820s and almost until the end of the nineteenth century this interest was focused on the neighboring regions – Mexico and Spanish dominions in the Caribbean. It would be dictated by the major challenges of U.S. foreign policy: expansion and free trade.

Thus, Latin American revolutionary experience contributed to the victory of republican isolationism over active messianism in the nineteenth-century United States. And the early mutual disappointment of both Americas left a gloomy mark on the subsequent history of the Western Hemisphere.

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ИСТОРИЯ ДРЕВНЕЙ И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ РУСИ:

1. Назаренко А.В. «Древняя Русь и славяне». Из серии: Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы

2. «Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Античные источники. Том I». Подосинов А.В. (составитель). Под редакцией Джаксон Т.Н., Коноваловой И.Г.

3. «Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Византийские источники. Том II». Бибиков М.В. (составитель). Под редакцией Джаксон Т.Н., Коноваловой И.Г.

4. «Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Восточные источники. Том III». Коновалова И.Г. (составитель). Под редакцией Джаксон Т.Н., Коноваловой И.Г.

5. «Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Западноевропейские источники. Том IV». Составитель А.В. Назаренко. Под редакцией Джаксон Т.Н., Коноваловой И.Г.

6. «Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Древнескандинавские источники. Том V». Глазырина Г.В., Джаксон Т.Н… Мельникова Е.А

7. Столярова Л.В., Каштанов С.М.: «Книга в Древней Руси (XI–XVI вв.)»

8. «Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. Пространство и время в средневековых текстах». Ответственный редактор Глазырина Г.В.

ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ТЕХНИКИ:

9. Котельников В.Р.: «Отечественные авиационные поршневые моторы 1910–2009»