Stalin

Central Asia, 190

Central Black Earth region:

collectivization in, 39, 41, 70

famine in, 122

grain procurement in, 128

Central Committee, 45, 64, 126, 160, 161, 500, 602, 788, 839, 907

accusations against sitting members of, 383

Andreyev as secretary of, 225, 500, 606

arrests of, 443, 603

February–March 1937 plenum of, 383–84, 386–91, 394, 396–97, 418, 483, 488, 508, 509

joint plenums of Central Control Commission and, 15–16, 58, 65, 107, 115–17

June 1937 plenum of, 433–34, 443, 450, 510

Lominadze’s expulsion from, 59

Molotov elevated to, 605

new members of, 162

1933 purge by, 114

Syrtsov’s expulsion from, 59

Yezhov as secretary of, 224, 225, 437, 498, 587

Central Control Commission, 12, 57, 113, 383, 603, 907

joint plenums of Central Committee and, 15–16, 58, 65, 107, 115–17

Yezhov as chairman of, 225, 437, 587

Cervantes, Miguel de, 231

Chahar province, Inner Mongolia, 233–34

Chamberlain, Neville, 555, 559, 579, 582, 590, 591, 613, 657, 679, 762, 856

appeasement policy of, 565–66, 591, 652–53, 662, 674, 677

and choice between alliance with Hitler or Stalin, 674–75, 698

death of, 802

and German-Soviet Pact, 673, 675

Hitler misread by, 653

Hitler’s manipulation of, 698–99

Munich Pact and, 564, 565–66, 575

and negotiations with Germany, 652, 653

Polish independence guaranteed by, 614–15, 616, 617, 653, 654, 662, 674, 676

Red Army underestimated by, 675

resignation of, 763

Romanian independence guaranteed by, 616

Triple Alliance proposal and, 648, 649, 662

war preparations and, 782

Chapayev (film), 192, 193, 210, 215, 217, 230, 285, 466

Chaplin, Charlie, 217, 796

Charkviani, Candide, 166, 547

Chavchavadze, Ilya, 511, 512

Cheka, Chekists, 23, 79, 176, 181, 229, 345, 415, 449

in Azerbaijan, 139, 339, 908

see also NKVD

Chekhov, Anton, 2, 148

Chelyabinsk, 32, 190, 343

chemical commissariat, 846–47

Chiang Ching-kuo, 366, 367

Chiang Kai-shek, 30, 83, 114, 125, 167, 262, 321, 330, 374, 379, 457, 530, 533, 539, 557, 574, 744, 793, 887

in civil war with Communists, 277

legality of Communists recognized by, 459

proposed Sino-Japanese alliance and, 233

Soviet-Japanese pact feared by, 459

united front reaffirmed by, 366, 367

united front with Communists rejected by, 360

in war with Japan, 460, 470–71

Zhang’s capture of, 360–61, 366–67

Chicherin, Georgy, 26–27, 89

Chilston, Viscount, 242, 481

China:

civil war in, 262, 277, 321, 359–60, 367, 379

Communists in, see Communist Party, Chinese

Japanese-Soviet negotiations on, 793–94

Japanese war with, 229, 321, 330, 359, 364, 457–59, 460, 470–71, 530, 533, 536, 539, 557, 597, 667, 677, 743–44, 793, 805

Japan’s designs on, 88

Soviet aid to, 321, 459, 470, 471, 530, 535, 744, 852

Soviet policy on, 29–30, 321

Trotskyites in, 469

U.S. aid to, 843

see also Manchuria

Chinese, in USSR, deportations and imprisonment of, 528

Chinese Eastern Railway, 30, 83, 84, 144

sale to Manchukuo of, 233, 243

Chita, Siberia, 644, 667

Chkalov, Valery, 425, 451

Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 196, 280, 287, 461–62, 482, 737

Christie, J. Walter, 91–92

Chubar, Vlas, 100, 102, 103, 180, 225, 308, 540

Chudov, Mikhail, 201, 202, 205

Churchill, Winston, 61, 557, 719, 740, 775, 794, 903

and Anglo-Soviet trade talks, 777

in attempt to provoke Soviet attack on Germany, 850–51

on imminent German invasion of USSR, 882

Maisky and, 709–10

negotiations with Hitler rejected by, 778

as prime minister, 763

in refusal to negotiate with Hitler, 764

scuttling of French navy ordered by, 777–78

Ciano, Galeazzo, 318, 355, 632–33, 647, 816

Cinema for the Millions (Shumyatsky), 218

Circus (film), 293

cities:

food rationing in, 128

influx of migrants into, 72

civil defense service, arrests in, 414

Civil War in France, The (Marx), 494

class struggle, 5, 7, 11

culture and, 132

seen as inevitable by Marxists, 6, 553

sharpening of, 6, 29, 38, 59, 114, 116, 309, 389

Stalin’s view of, 143–44, 190, 389

Clausen, Max, 874–75, 890

Clausewitz, Carl von, 2, 730

collectives, 909

attempts to force peasants back into, 115

compared with Gulags, 227

household plots and livestock in, 226, 639

Kazakhs’ flight from, 106

maternity leave approved for, 227

mechanization of, 226

1936 constitution and, 352, 353

peasants’ flight from, 93, 99, 101, 117, 129, 405

population of, 606

stabilization of, 226, 305

collectivization, xii, 11, 53, 84, 87, 103, 120, 137, 138, 299, 308, 439, 485, 902

artels in, 35–36

assassination of rural officials in, 38

as cause of famine of 1931–33, 71, 128–29

forced implementation of, 10, 27, 29, 35, 39, 70, 71, 106, 127–28, 302, 448, 477, 547, 638–39

human cost of, 131

industrialization and, 10–11

inflated claims for, 28–29, 31

kommunas in, 35–36

kulaks in, see dekulakization

Marxist ideology and, 132, 576–77

mass resistance to, 27, 29, 38–39, 41–42, 68

1928–29 harvest and, 16

OGPU and, 38, 39

opposition to, 12, 14, 38, 39, 52, 53, 77, 219, 301, 303, 309, 469, 470, 477, 484, 495

regime concessions in, 42–43

17th Party Congress’s celebration of, 160

as Stalin’s great gamble, 9, 17, 705

success of, 369

urban workers recruited for, 36–38, 42, 43