Сталин и Гитлер

92. This excludes investment in areas such as the railways, whose overhaul in the late 1930s also had a strategic purpose; so too the expansion of basic electric power.

93. This view was formulated in United States Strategic Bombing Survey Overall Report, September 1945, p. 31: The Germans did not plan, nor were they prepared for, a long war’. See too N. Kaldor ‘The German War Economy’, Review of Economic Statistics,

13 (1946); A. S. Milward ‘Hitlers Konzept des Blitzkrieges’, in A. Hillgruber (ed.) Probleme des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Cologne, 1967), pp. 19–40.

94. For a survey of all these preparations see BA-B R26 I/18 ‘Ergebnisse der Vier jahresplan-Arbeit’, spring 1942, pp. 5–95. ‘He [Hitler] gave economic policy the task of making the economy ready for war in the space of four years…’ (p. 1).

95. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik Ser. D., vol. i (Baden-Baden, 1950), p. 27, ‘Niederschrift über die Besprechung in der Reichskanzlei’, 5 November 1937.

96. Overy, War and Economy, pp. 148–59.

97. BA-B R26IV/4 ‘Besprechung über die Eingliederung Sudetendeutschlands in die reichsdeutsche Wirtschaft’, 3 October 1938.

98. IWM, EDS AL/1571 Thomas minute, 20 June 1940.

99. BA-B R2501/6585, Reichsbank memorandum 24 August 1939, appdx 1.

100. P. Temin ‘Soviet and Nazi economic planning in the 1930s’, Economic History Review, 44 (1991), p. 585.

101. H. von Kotze and H. Krausnick (eds) ‘Es spricht der Führer’: 7 exemplarische Hitler-Reden (Gütersloh, 1966), pp. 176–7, speech of 24 Febuary 1937 to construction workers.

102. IWM Case XI Pros. Doc. Book 112, Neumann lecture The Four Year Plan’, 29 April 1941, p. 294.

103. Temin, ‘Soviet and Nazi planning’, p. 584; J. Chapman Real Wages in Soviet Russia since 1928 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), p. 166.

104. Chapman, Real Wages, pp. 144, 146–8. R. di Leo Occupazione e salari neirURSS 1950–1977 (Milan, 1980), p. 122 calculates that average monthly wages rose in money terms by a factor of 10.8 from 1928 to 1950, but prices by a factor of 11.8. D. Filtzer ‘The Standard of Living of Soviet Industrial Workers in the Immediate Postwar Period, 1945–1948’, Europe – Asia Studies, 51 (1999), pp. 1015–16. On German wages G. Bry Wages in Germany 1871–1945 (Princeton, NJ, 1960), pp. 264, 362. On wage policy T. Siegel ‘Wage Policy In Germany’, Politics and Society, 14 (1985), pp, 5–37.

105. See BA-B R2501/6581 Reichsbank ‘Zur Entwicklung des deutschen Preis-und Lohnstandes seit 1933’, appdx 6, which shows a range of increased weekly earnings against 1933 of – o.8 per cent (book production) to 26.0 per cent (metalworking).

106. Filtzer, ‘Standard of Living’, p. 1019.

107. J. Hessler ‘Postwar Normalisation and its Limits in the USSR: the Case of Trade’, Europe – Asia Studies, 53 (2001), pp. 445–8.

108. O. Nathan and M. Fried The Nazi Economic System (London, 1944).

109. On textiles League of Nations World Economic Survey 1936/7 (Geneva, 1937)” p. 150; H. Häuser, Hitler against Germany: a Survey of Present-day Germany from the Inside (London, 1940) p. 109.

110. On the legal framework BA-B R3102/3602, A. Jessen ‘Die gesteuerte Wehrwirtschaft 1933–1939’, pp. 61–2. See too J. Stephenson ‘Propaganda, Autarky and the German Housewife’, in D. Welch (ed.) Nazi Propaganda (London, 1983), pp. 117–38; F. Grube and G. Richter Alltag im ‘Dritten Reich’: so lebten die Deutsche 1933–1945 (Berlin, 1992), pp. 169–71; W. Bayles Postmarked Berlin (London, 1992), pp. 40–41. in. Hessler, ‘Postwar Normalisation’, p. 448.

111. Hessler, ‘Postwar Normalisation’, p. 448.

112. A. Sommariva and G. Tullio German Macroeconomic History, 1880–1979 (London, 1987), p. 59; Hubbard, Soviet Money and Finance, pp. 111–13.

113. On noiseless fi nance L. Schwerin von Krosigk Stats bankrott: Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1920–1945 (Göttingen, 1974), pp. 297–9; W. A. Boelcke Die Kosten von Hitlers Krieg (Paderborn, 1985), pp. 103–4. On increased saving see BA-B R7 XVI/22 O. Donner ‘Die Grenzen der Staatsverschuldung’.

114. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 476; Thyssen, I Paid Hitler, pp. 47–9.

115. See for example J. Heyl ‘The Construction of the Westwall: an Example of National Socialist Policy-making’, Central European History, 14 (1981), pp. 71–4.

116. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 323–5.

117. Zumpe, Wirtschaft und Staat, pp. 341–2.

118. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 328.

119. Tooze, Statistics and the German State, pp. 239–44, on problems of data collection; Harrison, Soviet Planning, pp. 26–7.

120. See for example Fitzpatrick, ‘Ordzhonikidze’s Takeover of Vesenkha’, pp. 158–67.

121. R. J. Overy Goering: the cIron Man’ (London, 1984), pp. 53–60, 62–8; on his special powers Reichsgesetzblatt, 1936, Part I, p. 887.

122. Munting, Economic Development, p. 105; Dunmore, Stalinist Command Economy, pp. 19–20; Temin, ‘Soviet and Nazi Planning’, p. 575; S. Fitzpatrick ‘Blat in Stalin’s Time’, in S. Lovell, A. Ledeneva and A. Rogachevskii (eds) Bribery and Blat in Russia: Negotiating Reciprocity from the Middle Ages to the 1990s (London, 2000), pp. 169–76.