Сталин и Гитлер

47. R. Absolon Die Wehrmacht im Dritten Reich: Band IV, 5 Februar 1938 bis 31 August 1939 (Boppard am Rhein, 1979),

pp. 9–11; see too IWM, EDS Mi 14/478 Heereswaffenamt ‘Die personelle Leistungsfähigkeit Deutschlands im Mob.-Fall’, March 1939.

48. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, Ser D, vol. vi (Baden-Baden, 1956), p. 481.

49. Dunn, Hitler’s Nemesis, pp. 27, 29, 57; Simonov, ‘mobilisation planning’, pp. 211–215; D. M. Glantz Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), pp. 100–101.

50. On Soviet manpower mobilization G. F. Krivosheev (ed.) Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London, 1997), p. 91; B. V. Sokolov ‘The Cost of War: Human Losses for the USSR and Germany, 1939–45’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 9 (1996), p. 165.

51. H. Rauschning Germany’s Revolution of Destruction (London, 1938), p. 133.

52. Stone, Hammer and Rifl e, pp. 3–5; I. Getzler ‘Lenin’s Conception of Revolution as Civil War’, in I. D. Thatcher (ed.) Regime and Society in Twentieth-Century Russia (London, 1999), pp. 109–17.

53. The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky (6 vols, London, 1981), vol. iii, pp. 56, 374–5; vol. v, pp. 24–5.

54. Stalin, Works, vol. xii, p. 189, ‘Concerning the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class’, 21 January 1930.

55. L. Viola The Best Sons of the Fatherland: Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivization (New York, 1987), p. 62.

56. Viola, Best Sons of the Fatherland, p. 64.

57. R. Hanser Prelude to Terror: The Rise of Hitler 1919–1923 (London, 1970), pp. 266–71; in general see D. Schumann Politisches Gewalt in der Weimarer Republik 1919–1933 (Essen, 2001); B. Ziemann ‘Germany after the First World War – a Violent Society?’ Journal of Modern European History, 1 (2003), pp. 80–95.

58. R. Taylor Literature and Society in Germany 1918–1945 (Brighton, 1980), p. 119.

59. V. Berghahn Der Stahlhelm: Bund der Frontsoldaten 1918–1935 (Düsseldorf, 1966), pp. 275–7, 286; P. Longerich Die braunen Bataillone: Geschichte der SA (Munich, 1989), pp. 159, 184. On the ambiguity of this identifi cation with war see S. Kienitz ‘Der Krieg der Invaliden. Helden-Bilder und Männlichkeitskonstruktion nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg’, Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift, 60 (2001), pp. 367–402.

60. W. Wette ‘From Kellogg to Hitler (1928–1933). German Public Opinion Concerning the Rejection and Glorifi cation of War’, in W. Deist (ed.) The German Military in the Age of Total War (Oxford, 1985), p. 83.

61. T. Nevin Ernst Jünger and Germany: Into the Abyss 1914–1945 (London, 1997), p. 108; Wette, ‘From Kellogg to Hitler’, p. 85. See too G. Mosse Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (Oxford, 1990), pp. 159–80; K. Theweleit Male Fantasies: Volume II. Male Bodies: psychoanalysing the white terror (Oxford, 1989), pp. 143–76.

62. Wette, ‘From Kellogg to Hitler’, pp. 88–9.

63. W. H. Chamberlin Russia’s Iron Age (London, 1934), p. 193–4.

64. J. W. Baird To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloom-ington, Ind., 1990), pp. 101–3.

65. Baird, To Die for Germany, p. 106.

66. F. J. Stephens Hitler Youth: History, Organisation, Uniforms, Insignia (London, 1973), pp. 5–7, 10–14, 37, 44–5; C. Schubert-Weller Hitler-Jugend: Vom ‘Jungsturm Adolf Hitler’ zur Staatsjugend des Dritten Reiches (Weinheim, 1993), pp. 165–88; L. Pine ‘Creating Conformity: the Training of Girls in the Bund Deutscher MädeV, European History Quarterly’, 33 (2003), pp. 371–5, 377–80.

67. W. Benz ‘Vom freiwilligen Arbeitsdienst zur Arbeitsdienstpfl icht’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 16 (1968), pp. 317–46.

68. Bank of England, German fi les E8/56 204/8 C. A. Gunston ‘The German Labour Service’, The Old Lady, 10 (December, 1934), pp. 277–87.

69. A. E. Gorsuch ‘“NEP Be Damned”: Young Militants in the 1920s and the Culture of Civil War’, Russian Review, 56 (1997), pp. 566–8, 576.

70. Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, pp. 200–202; Erickson, Soviet High Command, pp. 307–8.

71. J. W. Young Totalitarian Language: OrwelVs Newspeak and its Nazi and Communist Antecedents (Charlottesville, Va., 1991), p. 92.

72. Stephens, Hitler Youth, p. 5; on the idealization of the warrior see P. Reichel ‘Festival and Cult: Masculine and Militaristic

Mechanisms of National Socialism’, in J. A. Mangan (ed.) Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon – Aryan Fascism (London, 1999), pp. 153–67.

73. Getzler, ‘Lenin’s Conception of Revolution’, p. 109.

74. Military Writings of Leon Trotsky, vol. iii, p. 374.

75. Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, p. 299.