Сталин и Гитлер

76. M. Kipp ‘Militarisierung der Lehrlingsausbildung in der “Ordensburg der Arbeit”’, in U. Hermann and U. Nassen (eds) Formative Ästhetik im Nationalsozialismus (Weinheim, 1994), pp. 2.09, 216–17. See too O. Bartov ‘The Missing Years: German Workers, German Soldiers’, in D. Crew (ed.) Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945 (London, 1994), pp. 54–60; W. Wette ‘Ideologien, Propaganda und Innenpolitik als Voraussetzung der Kriegspolitik des Dritten Reiches’, in Deist et ai, Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, pp. 152–4, 166–73.

77. L. Peiffer ‘“Soldatische Haltung in Auftreten und Sprache ist beim Turnunterricht selbstverständlich” – Die Militarisierung und

Disziplinierung des Schulsports’, in Hermann and Nassen, Formative Ästhetik in Nationalsozialismus, pp. 181–3.

78. Military Writings of Leon Trotsky, vol. v, p. 24.

79. S. Fitzpatrick Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford, 1999), p. 17.

80. K.-J. Müller Das Heer und Hitler. Armee und nationalsozialistisches Regime 1933–1940 (Stuttgart, 1969), p. 63.

81. P. Hayes ‘Kurt von Schleicher and Weimar Polities’, Journal of Modern History, 52 (1980), pp. 37–40 for Schleicher’s view of politics.

82. Erickson, Soviet High Command, pp. 316–17.

83. von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship, pp. 206–9; Military Writings of Leon Trotsky, vol. v, p. 23.

84. Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 309; von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship, pp. 94–100, ch. 5 passim.

85. Bayer, Evolution of the Soviet General Staff, p. 162.

86. Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine, pp. 108–9

87. E. O’Ballance The Red Army (London, 1964), pp. 116–18.

88. V. Rapaport and Y. Alexeev High Treason: Essays on the History of the Red Army, 1918–1938 (Durham, NC, 1985), p. 12.

89. H. J. Rautenberg ‘Drei dokumente zur Planung eines 300,000-Mann Friedenheeres aus dem Dezember 1933’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 22 (1977), pp. 103–39; M. Geyer ‘Das Zweite Rüstungsprogramm (1930–1934)’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 17 (1975), pp. 25–72; W. Bernhardt Die deutsche Aufrüstung 1934–1939 (Frankfurt am Main, 1969), pp. 72–4, 84.

90. Carroll, Design for Total War, pp. 91–2, 108–9, 12.

91. R. J. O’Neill The German Army and the Nazi Party, 1933–1939 (London, 1966), p. 87.

92. O’Neill, German Army, p. 90.

93. E. R. Hooton Phoenix Triumphant: the Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe (London, 1994), pp. 94–9, 110–11; E. Homze Arming the Luftwaffe: the Reich Air Ministry and the German Aircraft Industry, 1919–39 (Lincoln, Nebr., 1976), pp. 51–60, 98–103; A. van Ishoven The Fall of an Eagle: the Life of Fighter Ace Ernst Udet (London, 1977), pp. 152–3, 161–2.

94. Bundesarchiv-Berlin, R2/21776–81, Reich fi nance ministry ‘Entwicklung der Ausgaben in der Rechnungsjahren 1934–1939’, 17 July 1939.

95. O’Neill, German Army, p. 115; A. W. Zoepf Wehrmacht zwischen Tradition und Ideologie: Der NS-Führungsoffi zier im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), pp. 24–9.

96. O’Neill, German Army, pp. 119–20.

97. See on tensions between old and new elements M. Geyer Traditional Elites and National Socialist Leadership’, in C. Maier (ed.) The Rise of the Nazi Regime: New Perspectives (London, 1986), pp. 57–68; Deist et ai, Deutsches Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, pp. 500–17.

98. On army/SS relations O’Neill, German Army, pp. 143–52.

99. B. Wegner Hitlers politische Soldaten: die Waffen-SS 1933–1945 (Paderborn, 1992.), pp. 104–14.

100. Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine, pp. 113–15. Offi cers continued to be investigated in the early 1930s, and party membership withdrawn. See F. Schauff ‘Company Choir of Terror: The Military Council of the 1930s – the Red Army Between the XVIIth and XVIIIth Party Congresses’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 12 (1999), pp. 136–7, 141–2.

101. Rapaport and Alexeev, High Treason, pp. 15–19.

102. Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine, p. 114; Nichols, Sacred Cause, pp. 42–3.

103. D. Volkogonov Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (London, 1991), p. 319; C.Andrew and O. Gordievsky KGB: the Inside Story (London, 1990), p. 106.

104. S. Main The Arrest and “Testimony” of Marshal of the Soviet Union M. N. Tukhachevsky (May – June 1937)’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 10 (1997), pp. 152–5.

105. V. Rogovin 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror (Oak Park, Mich., 1998), pp. 470–82; see too L. Martens Un autre regard sur Staline (Brussels, 1994), pp. 185–90.

106. A. Resis (ed.) Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics (Chicago, 1993), p. 280.

107. A. M. Nekrich Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations 1922–1941 (New York, 1997), pp. 88–9, 99–100.

108. Resis, Molotov Remembers, p. 275; Nekrich, Pariahs, Partners, p. 100; R. C. Nation Black Earth, Red Star: a History of Soviet Security Policy 1917–1991 (Ithaca, NY, 1992.), pp. 90, 96. Rykov also confi rmed a ‘plot’: see N. Leites and E. Bernant Rituals of Liquidation: the Case of the Moscow Trials (Glencoe, Ill., 1954), p. 317.