Summerfolk

1. This is the first meaning given for “dacha” in Vladimir Dal’’s Tolkovyi slovar’ zhivogo velikorusskogo iazyka, 2d ed., 4 vols. (Moscow, 1880–82). The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia, similarly, discusses “dacha” in the context of the General Survey (B&E, 10:162–63). For extensive references to “dacha” as a legal concept, see the index to I. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskii, Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (St. Petersburg, 1912). On the early history of the word, see Slovar’ russkogo iazyka XI–XVII vv. (Moscow, 1975–). The Slovar’ akademii rossiiskoi (St. Petersburg, 1806–22; this volume published in 1809) gives four meanings for “dacha”: (1) “the giving of something”; (2) “a payment”; (3) “a particular area of land outside the town given by the Tsar or the government into someone’s ownership, or acquired by purchase and built on”; (4) “lands belonging to an estate owner, or to state peasants.”

2. P. N. Stolpianskii, Peterburg (1918; St. Petersburg, 1995), 297.

3. For a survey of early maps of the Peterhof Road, see A. Korentsvit, “Dachi na Petergofskoi doroge,” Leningradskaia panorama, no. 4 (1988), 35–37.

4. P. N. Stolpianskii, Dachnye okrestnosti Petrograda (Petrograd and Moscow, 1923), 5.

5. P. N. Stolpianskii, Petergofskaia pershpektiva: Istoricheskii ocherk (Petrograd, 1923), 16–17.

6. P. N. Petrov, Istoriia Sankt-Peterburga s osnovaniia goroda, do vvedeniia v deistvie vybornogo gorodskogo upravleniia, 1703–1782 (St. Petersburg, 1884), 514.

7. Iu. N. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh (St. Petersburg, 1997), 309.

8. Foreign travelers’ accounts of St. Petersburg under construction in the first half of the eighteenth century are analyzed in chap. 7 of J. Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, 1988).

9. See, e.g., M.I. Pyliaev, Staryi Peterburg (St. Petersburg, 1887), 409.

10. K. P. Shalikov, Puteshestvie v Kronshtat 1805 goda (Moscow, 1817), 53.

11. F. Shreder, Noveishii putevoditel’ po Sanktpeterburgu (St. Petersburg, 1820), 9.

12. “Opisanie maskarada i drugikh uveselenii, byvshikh v Primorskoi L’va A1eksandrovicha Naryshkina dache, otstoiashchei ot Sankt-peterburga v 11 verstakh po Petergofskoi doroge, 29 iiulia 1772 godu,” reprinted from Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti in Sovremennik 38 (1853), sec. 2, 96–102.

13. “Zapiski astronoma Ivana Bernulli o poezdke ego v Rossiiu v 1777 godu,” Russkii arkhiv, no. 1 (1902), 11–12.

14. See E. Amburger, Ingermanland: Eine junge Provinz Rußlands im Wirkungsbereich der Residenz und Weltstadt St. Petersburg–Leningrad, 2 vols. (Cologne, 1980), 1:547–48. These entertainments ended in 1811, when Stroganov died.

15. See M. Floryan, Gardens of the Tsars: A Study of the Aesthetics, Semantics, and Uses of Late Eighteenth-Century Russian Gardens (Aarhus, 1996), 34 (on Catherine’s taste for all things English) and 142–49 (on the new approach, dating from the 1770s, to horticulture as a practical hobby or even business). On anglophilia in garden design, see also A. Cross, “By the Banks of the Neva”: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1997), 266–85, and P. Roosevelt, Life on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History (New Haven, 1995), chap. 3. In the early nineteenth century, moreover, growing numbers of Russian noblemen were choosing to spend time on their estates and cultivating the lifestyle of the English gentry (Roosevelt 98). On changing models of estate life, see O. S. Evangulova, “Gorod i usad’ba vtoroi poloviny XVIII v. v soznanii sovremennikov,” Russkii gorod 7 (1984): 172–88.