Summerfolk

16. G. R. Derzhavin, “Pikniki” (1776), in his Stikhotvoreniia (Leningrad, 1957), 79.

17. F. F. Vigel’, Zapiski, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1928), 1:98, 211.

18. See Amburger, Ingermanland, 1:473.

19. Stolpianskii, Peter gofskaia pershpektiva, 21–22.

20. P. Svin’in, quoted in S. Gorbatenko, “Rastsvet Petergofskoi dorogi,” Leningradskaia panorama, no. 7 (1989), 40.

21. SPb ved, 24 Feb. 1769, suppl., 3. The turnover of ownership on the Peterhof Road at a later period is reflected in a complaint of 1824 by a civil servant’s widow, Elizaveta L’vova, regarding the use of water from the Ligovskii canal. L’vova noted that her plot had been left without an adequate water supply after the redrawing of dacha boundaries (her dacha was located between the larger landholdings of Baron Rall, who had accumulated several plots. and Krasnyi Kabachok), and that she did not have the resources to have a pipe laid herself; she therefore appealed for Rall’s water supply to be diverted to her plot (see RGIA, f. 206, op. 1, d. 562, l. 1). A comparison of lists of dacha residents on the Peterhof Road for 1779 and 1838 (presented in Amburger, Ingermanland, 2:924–31) makes clear the shift from primarily noble to more socially diverse patterns of residency.

22. SPb ved, 17 Mar. 1780, 272.

23. This shift in meaning is reflected in Slovar’ russkogo iazyka XVIII veka (Leningrad. 1984–), which gives “recreational house out of town” as a new meaning for “dacha” that appeared at the end of the eighteenth century.

24. These developments are hinted at in I. G. Georgi, Opisanie rossiisko-imperatorskogo stolichnogo goroda Sankt-Peterburga i dostopamiatnostei v okrestnostiakh onogo, s planom (1794; St. Petersburg, 1996), 454–58. Georgi notes, for example, that outings in carriages and on horseback were not restricted to young men, but were also enjoyed by “ladies of the first classes and of the middle estate” (457).

25. For a much more elaborate treatment of these ideas, see G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts (Stanford. 1997).

26. See G. N. Komelova, G. A. Printseva, and I. G. Kotel’nikova, eds., Peterburg v proizvedeniiakh Patersena (Moscow, 1978). For works by other artists (for example, Semen and Sil’vestr Shchedrin) that continue the trends I have identified in Paterssen’s oeuvre, see G. Grimm and L. Kashkarova, Peterburg—Petrograd—Leningrad v proizvedeniiakh khudozhnikov (Moscow, 1958), and A. M. Gordin, Pushkinskii Peterburg (Leningrad, 1974).

27. Vigel’, Zapiski, 1:148, 180.

28. Quoted in V. N. Toporov, “Aptekarskii ostrov kak gorodskoe urochishche,” in Noosfera i khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo (Moscow, 1991), 248n.

29. V.A. Vitiazeva, Nevskie ostrova (Leningrad, 1986). See also P. N. Stolpianskii, Staryi Peterburg: Aptekarskii, Petrovskii, Krestovskii ostrova (Petrograd, 1916), 47–52. Georgi (Opisanie, 455) wrote ten years earlier of the number of entertainments available on Krestovskii and noted that city dwellers sometimes rented houses for several weeks over the summer in the village on the island.

30. Vospominaniia Iuriia Arnol’da, 3 vols. (Moscow, 1892–93), 2:56–57.

31. The Free Economic Society (Vol’no-Ekonomicheskoe Obshchestvo) was a major scientific institution founded in 1765 with the aim of conducting research in agronomy.

32. Stolpianskii, Star yi Peterburg, 41–45, 1–24.

33. SPb ved, 17 Apr. 1789, 465.

34. D. N. Sverbeev, Zapiski (1799–1826), 2 vols. (Moscow, 1899), 1:283. Alexander I was indeed apt to wander through the island: see the anecdote recalled in P.A. Viazemskii, Staraia zapisnaia knizhka (Leningrad, 1929), 204.

35. On the island’s various dachas and their owners in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see V. A. Vitiazeva, Kamennyi ostrov (Leningrad, 1991), 112–220.

36. S. L. Abramovich, Pushkin: Poslednii god (Moscow, 1991).

37. A. I. Del’vig, Polveka russkoi zhizni: Vospominaniia A.I. Del’viga, 1820–1870 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1930), 148.