The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

8. M. Bernard Davy, Air Power and Civilization (London: 1941), 129–30.

9. TsAMO, f.500, o.12452, d.386, Luftflotte 4 Report, ‘Angriff auf Warschau’, 16 Sept 1939.

10. Ibid., operational orders, Luftflotte 4, 23 Sept 1939; AHB, Translations: Second World War, vol 9, VII/132, ‘German Bombing of Warsaw and Rotterdam’, 1–2.

11. TsAMO, f.500, o.12452, d.386, Foreign Office to von Richthofen, 24 Sept 1939; Heeresgruppe Nord to von Richthofen, 25 Sept 1939.

12. TsAMO, f.500, o.12452, d.386, Luftflotte 4 operational orders 24 Sept 1939; operational orders 25 Sept 1939; telephone message 27 Sept 1939. See too Boog et al., DRZW: Band 7, 323–4.

13. AHB Translations, vol 9, VII/132, ‘German Bombing of Warsaw and Rotterdam’, 1.

14. Andrew Klukowski, Helen Klukowski (eds), Diary from the Years of Occupation: Zygmunt Klukowski (Urbana, IL: 1993), 6, 9–10.

15. Chaim Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (London: 1966), 11, 18.

16. TNA, FO 371/23105, Kennard to Foreign Office, 3 Sept 1939.

17. AHB Translations, vol 2, VII/33, German Air Force General Staff, ‘The Luftwaffe in Poland’, 11 July 1944, 7.

18. Ibid., 2.

19. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, 17–19.

20. James Corum, Wolfram von Richthofen: Master of the German Air War (Lawrence, KS: 2008), 173–4. For a figure of 40,000 dead, Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (London: 2012), 82.

21. FDRL, President’s Personal Files 554, Biddle to Roosevelt, 10 Nov 1939.

22. Nicola Della Volpe, Difesa del territorio e protezione antiaerea, 1915–1943: storia, documenti, immagini (Rome: 1986), 215, minutes of the 17th Meeting of the Supreme Commission for the Defence, Feb 1940.

23. AHB Translations, vol 9, VII/132, ‘German Bombing of Warsaw and Rotterdam’, 2.

24. Leo Polak, ‘De hel van Rotterdam’, KIJK, 6 (2010), 22; Hans van der Pauw, Rotterdam in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Rotterdam: 2006), 848–52; A. Korthals Altes, Luchtgevaar: Luchtaanvallen op Nederland 1940–1945 (Amsterdam: 1984), 45–54. The estimates vary between 800 and 980, but some of the figures include deaths from earlier bombing raids and from artillery fire. Altes suggests a minimum of 600 (54).

25. Albert Kesselring, The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring (London: 2007), 56–8.

26. RAFM, Saundby papers, Box 3, RAF Staff College lectures, Pt 9, ‘Operations 1939–1942’, Mar 1944, 13.

27. Gérard Chauvy, Le drame de l’armée française du Front populaire à Vichy (Paris: 2010), 544–5.

28. Ibid., 27; Air Ministry, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 1933–1945 (London: 1983), 70–2.

29. Hanna Diamond, Fleeing Hitler: France 1940 (Oxford: 2007), 45–9. I am also grateful to Martin Alexander for allowing me to see his unpublished article, ‘Retreat, Resistance, Resignation: French Responses to Invasion in 1940’.

30. BA-MA, RL2 III/707b, ‘Einsatzbereitschaft Luftwaffe und Verluste: Stand 29 Juni 1940’; AHB Translations, vol 7, VII/107, Luftwaffe Strength and Serviceability Tables, Aug 1938–Apr 1945.

31. Nicolaus von Below, At Hitler’s Side: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe Adjutant, 1937–1945 (London: 2001), 63.

32. IWM, EDS collection, OKW, Aktennotiz, 12 June 1940; von Below, At Hitler’s Side, 63–4. See too Henrik Eberle, Matthias Uhl (eds), The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin (London: 2005), 65. The dossier described a dinner on 24 June with Jodl, Keitel and Martin Bormann at which Hitler was alleged to have said: ‘The western European problem has now been solved. All that remains for us now is to deal with the Soviet Union.’

33. Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–1945 (London: 1990) hereafter FCNA, 110–11, Conference with the Führer, 20 June 1940; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (ed), Generaloberst Halder: Kriegstagebuch (Stuttgart: 1963), 3 vols, II, 3, entry for 1 July 1940.

34. AHB Translations, vol 2, VII/26, ‘The Course of the Air War Against England’, 22 Nov 1939; VII/30, Col. Schmid, ‘Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare against Britain’, 22 Nov 1939, 2–4.

35. Walther Hubatsch (ed), Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegführung (Munich: 1965), 46–9, Weisung Nr. 9.