The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

96. AHB Translations, vol 2, VII/30, ‘Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare against Britain’, 22 Nov 1939, 4.

97. BA-MA, RL2 IV/30, Maj. Leythehauser lecture, 14 Feb 1944, 1.

98. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.14, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe’, 3 Sept 1940, 4.

99. von Below, At Hitler’s Side, 73; Maier, ‘Luftschlacht’, 390–91. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.14, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe’, 3 Sept 1940, 29 Sept 1940, 14 Oct 1940, 11 Jan 1941. On Hitler’s rejection of terror attacks in favour of raids on ‘war-essential’ targets see KTB/OKW: Band 1, Teilband 1, 76, entry for 14 Sept 1940.

100. BA-MA, RL8/1, I Fliegerkorps, ‘Befehl zum Angriff auf Hafenanlagen in Loge’, 6 Sept 1940.

101. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.527, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe’, 21 Sept 1940. This was the phenomenon of ‘Abgeflogensein’ – to be averse to flying – observed among crew who had had no previous psychiatric response to combat.

102. Ibid., f.500, o.725168, d.527, KBK-Tagesbericht, Kriegserlebnis, 7 Sept 1940, ‘Ein Feueurgürtel lodert um London’, 1, ‘Unternehmen: Vergeltung’, 1.

103. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 309, 316.

104. KTB/OKW: Band 1, Teilband 1, 76, entry for 14 Aug 1940.

105. von Below, At Hitler’s Side, 70–71, 73; Adolf Galland, The First and the Last (London: 1955), 45.

106. On German estimates see KTB/OKW: Band 1, Teilband 1, 60, 67, 86. Not only was Fighter Command assumed to have around 300 aircraft left, it was wrongly claimed that squadron strength had been reduced from 12–15 down to 5–7 planes.

107. von Below, At Hitler’s Side, 71.

108. Maier, ‘Luftschlacht’, 390–91.

109. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 410, entry for 24 Nov 1940.

110. NARA, RG 332, Box 115, interrogation of Wilhelm Keitel [n.d.], 11–12.

111. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.527, Jagdgeschwader 3, Erfahrungsbericht, 12 Nov 1940, ‘Bombenwerfen der Jäger’.

112. Sönke Neitzel, Der Einsatz der deutschen Luftwaffe über dem Atlantik und der Nordsee 1939–1945 (Bonn: 1995), 55–6.

113. Ibid., 85. See too K. Poolman, Focke-Wulf Condor: Scourge of the Atlantic (London: 1978), chs 10–11. On the shipping campaign see BA-MA RL2 IV/48, Luftwaffe Generalstab Studie, ‘Zusammenarbeit Marine-Luftwaffe im Seekrieg gegen England’, 28 Feb 1944, 2–7. ‘All possibilities offered by the bombing war must be placed unreservedly in the service of the campaign against tonnage.’

114. Calculated from Neitzel, Einsatz über dem Atlantik, 68.

115. Ibid., 70, 73.

116. Calculated from BA-MA, RL2 IV/27, Bechtle lecture, Anlage, ‘Grossangriffe bei Nacht gegen Lebenszentren Englands, 12.8.1940–26.6.1941’.

117. NARA, RG 332 Box 115, Keitel interrogation, 12. ‘A great quantity of motor vehicles and equipment came from America and so the war was continued through attacks on these harbours.’

118. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.110, Luftwaffe Operations Staff, ‘Die britische Fliegertruppe’, 14 Jan 1941, 10–11.

119. Ibid., f.500, o.725168, d.527, ‘Taktische Feindnachrichten Nr. 11’, 9 Nov 1940.

120. BA-MA, RL2 IV/33, ‘Luftkrieg gegen England: Weisungen und Befehle’, 7 Nov 1940.

121. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.527, ‘Taktische Feindnachrichten Nr 15’, II Fliegerkorps, 1 Dec 1940, 1–2. On morale see IWM, Italian Series (Air Force), Box 14, 2547, OKL Ic Report, ‘Wirkung deutscher Luftangriffe auf England’, 1.

122. Calculated from TNA, HO 191/11, MHS, ‘Statement of Civilian Casualties to 31 May 1945’, 31 July 1945.

123. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.527, ‘Taktische Feindnachrichten Nr 11’, 3.

124. TNA, HO 186/669, Meteorological Office, ‘The Frequency with which aimed Bombing can be carried out during daytime’, Aug 1937; ‘Note on possible use of smoke for camouflage’, 1 June 1938.

125. TNA, WO 208/3506, Air Intelligence (k), Report 341, ‘Report on Four He111’s of K. Gr. 100’, 22 June 1941; TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.15, London map, target areas for Fliegerkorps 3 and 4, July 1940; 725168/17, London map, target areas for Fliegerkorps 1 and 2, July 1940. The full target intelligence maps can be seen in the IWM Archive at Duxford. See e.g. the materials for ‘Zielstammkarte: Ort: Manchester-Clifton-Junction’, prepared in October 1939, which include two maps and two large photographs, each clearly marked in red with captions for specific targets.

126. TsAMO, f.500, o.725168, d.14, ‘Bemerkungen zum Einsatz der Luftwaffe’, 11 Jan 1941, 2–4.

127. TNA, AIR 40/288, A.I.9, ‘The Blitz’, 14 Aug 1941, 1, 5.

129. On this and declining use of beams see TNA, AIR 41/17, AHB Narrative, ‘The Air Defence of Great Britain: vol III, June 1940–December 1941’, 113–14.