The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

282. Boog, ‘Strategischer Luftkrieg’, 110; Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 495; ‘Nightfighter Direction: Interrogation of Major G. S. Sandmann’, in Isby (ed), Fighting the Bombers, 211.

283. Von Rohden, ‘Reich Air Defense’, in Isby (ed), Fighting the Bombers, 38.

284. USAFA, MacDonald papers, Ser V, Box 12, Folder 1, JIC Report, ‘German Strategy and Capacity to Resist’, 14 Aug 1944, 1.

285. AHB, Translations, vol 1, VII/7, 8th Abteilung report, 22 Sept 1944, ‘A Forecast of Air Developments in 1945’, 1.

286. IWM, MD, vol 53, 706–11, Report by Chief of German Air Force Operations Staff (Karl Koller), ‘Erforderliche Mindeststärke der fliegenden Verbände der deutschen Luftwaffe zur Behauptung des mitteleuropäischen Raumes’, 19 May 1944.

287. Calculated from Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 497.

288. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.35, ‘Decline of the G.A.F.’, 6: ‘Neither in the East nor South did 50, 80, or 100 of our aircraft ever fly in a body and carry out any major operation. In Russia they flew in “Rotten” of two or “Schwärme” of four… our fighter arm had to conduct the fight in a strength to which it was never accustomed.’

289. Sönke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (Barnsley: 2007), 114–15, recording of Gen. Bernhard Ramcke, 16 Oct 1944.

290. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, US Military Intelligence Service, HQ Air P/w, Interrogation of Hermann Göring, 1 Jun 1945, 2.

291. Dik Daso, Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Airpower (Washington, DC: 2000), esp 152–68; on the problems of adjusting to defensive warfare see Boog, ‘Strategischer Luftkrieg’, 249–58.

292. AHB, Translations, VII/ VII, ‘A Forecast of Air Developments in 1945’, 2–3.

293. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Spaatz to Arnold, 30 Sept 1944.

294. TNA, AIR 14/739A, Harris to Coryton (Air Ministry), 19 July 1944; CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, Portal to Churchill, 5 Aug 1944.

295. Mark Connelly, ‘The British People, the Press and the Strategic Air Campaign against Germany, 1939–1945’, Contemporary British History, 16 (2002), 54–5.

296. Hugh Thomas, John Strachey (London: 1973), 219.

297. TNA, PREM 3/193/6A, JIC Report, ‘German Strategy and Capacity to Resist’, 16 Oct 1944.

298. AHB, Translations, VII/VII, ‘A Forecast of Air Developments’; VII/IX, ‘War Appreciation No. 17’, 15 Jan 1945, 8.

299. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Spaatz to Arnold, 22 July 1944; Spaatz to Arnold, 3 Sept 1944. See too JIC warnings in Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol 3, pt ii, 595–9.

300. LC, Doolittle papers, Box 18, Doolittle to Arnold, 2 Aug 1944; Box 19, Doolittle to Spaatz, 18 Oct 1944.

301. NARA, RG 107, Lovett papers, Box 139, Memorandum for Lovett from HQ Army Service Forces, encl. ‘Periodic Report of Readiness for Chemical Warfare, 1 January 1945’, 2.

302. Robert Harris, Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare (London: 1982), 110–16.

303. TNA, PREM 3/193/6A, HQ AF, Algiers to the War Office, 30 Oct 1943 (initialled by Churchill, 1 Nov 1943).

304. NARA, RG 218, Box 3, ‘Analysis of Foreign Weapons Division’, report for the Commanding General, Army Service Forces, 26 Oct 1943, forwarded to Arnold. On German plans the best account is Rolf-Dieter Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik im Totalen Krieg 1942–45’, in Bernhard Kroener, Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hans Umbreit, DRZW: Band 5/2: Organisation und Mobilisierung des Deutschen Machtbereichs 1942–1944/45 (Stuttgart: 1999), 713–16.

305. NARA, RG 218, Box 19, memorandum for the Gas Warfare Subcommittee, HQ USAAF, 21 Jan 1944, 3; Maj. Gen. William Porter (Chief, Chemical Warfare Service) to JCS, ‘Present Status of Development of Toxic Gases’, 6 Dec 1943.

306. RAFM, Bottomley papers, AC 71/2/29, War Cabinet Inter-Service Committee on Chemical Warfare, Note by the Air Staff, 23 Jan 1944, 2–3, and Annex 1, ‘Appreciation on Strategic Gas Effort’, 5.

307. Ibid., AC 71/2/75, Memorandum by Norman Bottomley, ‘Possibility of the Use of Gas by the Germans to Counter “Overlord”’, 1–3.

308. CCAC, Churchill papers, CHAR D.217/4, Churchill to Ismay for the CoS, 6 July 1944; Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol 3, pt ii, 576–80.

309. Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rütungspolitik’, 714–15.

310. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, ‘Plan for Retaliatory Gas Attack on Germany’; NARA, RG 107, Box 139, HQ Army Service Forces memorandum, ‘Co-Ordinated Anglo-American Chemical Warfare Procurement and Supply Program’, 10 Mar 1945, 2–3.