The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

182. Richard Overy, ‘Guns or Butter? Living Standards, Finance and Labour in Germany, 1939–1942’, in idem, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: 1994), 278, 293–5.

183. Rolf-Dieter Müller, ‘Das Scheitern der wirtschaftlichen “Blitzkriegsstrategie”’, in Horst Boog et al., DRZW: Band 4: Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion (Stuttgart: 1983), 936–49, 1,022–9; Rolf-Dieter Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik 1942–1945’ in DRZW: Band 5/2: Organisation und Mobilisierung des deutschen Machtbereichs (Stuttgart: 1999), 275–317.

184. CIOS Report, Item 21, Metallurgy, ‘German Iron and Steel Industry: Ruhr and Salzgitter Areas’, June 1945, 11, 17; USSBS Report 69, Fr. Krupp AG: Friedrich Alfred Hütte. Heavy Industry Plant Report No. 2 (Washington, DC: 12 Sept 1945), 1.

185. USSBS, Special Paper 3, The Effects of Strategic Bombing upon the Operations of the Hermann Göring Works during World War II (Washington, DC: 1946), 60; Control Office for Germany and Austria, ‘German Industrial Complexes: The Hermann Göring Complex’, June 1946, 42.

186. Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, 620, 630–31, 632, 642. The argument developed by Adam Tooze, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London: 2006), 598–600, that bombing brought the expansion of arms production to a halt, remains unconvincing given the substantial increases in military output throughout the period from March 1943 to summer 1944.

187. IWM, Box S368, Report 54, Interrogation of Albert Speer, 13 July 1945, 3–4, 7–8. Air supply figures calculated from BA-MA, RL3/38, GL-Office, ‘Überblick über den Rüstungsstand der Luftwaffe: 1 Januar 1945’; RL3/36, GL-Technical Office Report, ‘Über die Gründe der erhöhten Lieferungen im Rahmen des Luftwaffenprogrammes von März bis Juni 1944’. On the overall effect of losses see Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, 648–58.

188. BA-B, R13/XVII/21, draft Führer Decree, Aug 1943, on the repair of ‘Damage Regions’; Ministry of Armaments and Munitions, ‘Durchführungsanordnung zum Führererlass’, 23 Aug 1943.

189. TsAMO, f.500, o.393761c, d.34, LS-Arbeitsstab [luftschutz–Air Protection], Erfahrungsbericht, 15 Nov 1943, 12.

190. BA-B, R3101/31135, Economics Ministry to all Reich authorities, 1 Oct 1943.

191. Wolf, Luftangriffe auf die deutsche Industrie, 69–74.

192. BA-B, R1501/1071, Four Year Plan, Price Commissar Decree, 4 Sept 1942.

193. Ibid., Plenipotentiary for Labour Supply (Fritz Sauckel) to Reich Trustees of Labour, 9 July 1943.

194. IWM, Box S368, Report 85, Interrogation of Dr Theodor Hupfauer (Ministry of War Production, Chief of Labour Supply), 10 Sept 1945, 3; Hans Pohl, Wilhelm Treue, Die Daimler-Benz AG in den Jahren 1933 bis 1945 (Wiesbaden: 1986), 173–4, 179.

195. IWM, Box S368, Report 85, Hupfauer interrogation, 8, 14.

196. TsAMO, f.500, o.393761c, d.34, LS-Arbeitsstab, Erfahrungsberichte, 1 July 1944, 1–2.

197. See the intelligence report from interrogation of the former Italian consul general in Frankfurt, TNA, PREM 3/193/6A, HQ Algiers to War Office, 30 Oct 1943: ‘workers particularly were depressed for they now had a reasonable standard of living which they knew would disappear if war lost’. Also LC, Spaatz papers, Box 203, Propaganda Research Section, ‘Morale in Hamburg’, 29 Jan 1942, based on conversations with Hamburg workers from a Belgian source who identified three principal fears: fear of unemployment and starvation; fear of retribution by the Allies; fear of the dismemberment of Germany.

198. Martin Moll (ed), ‘Führer-Erlasse’ 1939–1945 (Stuttgart: 1997), 345, decree of 28 June 1943.

199. BA-B, R3101/31170, Führer Decree, ‘über Sicherstellung vom Raumen zur Aufnahme von Rüstungsfertigungen aus luftgefährdeten Gebieten’; Armaments Ministry order, ‘Betriebsverlagerung und Verlagerung von Lager’, 14 July 1943.

200. IWM, MD, vol 56, Air Ministry Technical Office to Milch, 22 Oct 1942; report from Planning Office for Milch, 14 Oct 1942.

201. Ibid., Planning Office to Milch on dispersal policy, 17 Nov 1942; BA-MA, RL36/52, report on conferences of 22, 23, 26, 28, 29 and 30 July, ‘über die Massnahmen zur Verstärkung der Luftverteidigung’.

202. Details from Friedhelm Golücke, Schweinfurt und der strategische Luftkrieg 1943 (Paderborn: 1980), 351–3, 357–8, 363–4, 368–70, 372, 378–80.

203. BA-B, RL3/36, GL-Technical Office Report, ‘Über die Gründe’.