The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

210. Gordon Daniels (ed), A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (London: 1981), xxii; Wagenführ story in John K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times: Memoirs (London: 1981), 235–6.

211. See e.g. Maria Bucur, Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth-Century Romania (Bloomington, IN: 2009), 198–9, 212–13.

212. A. Korthals Altes, Luchtgevaar: Luchtaanvallen op Nederland 1940–1945 (Amsterdam: 1984), 332.

213. http://www.groningerarchieven.nl ‘Groningers gedood door Engelse-bommen’.

214. Altes, Luchtgevaar, 332.

215. TNA, FO 898/312, Foreign Office to Brigadier Brooks (PWE), 14 Feb 1942.

216. TNA, AIR 9/187, Slessor (ACAS) to all air commands, 29 Oct 1942, ‘Bombardment Policy’, 3.

217. Pieter Serrien, Tranen over Mortsel: De laatste getuigen over het zwaarste bombardement ooit in België (Antwerp: 2008), 12–19. See too the report in TNA, ADM 199/2467, NID, minute on bombing of Antwerp, 20 Apr 1943.

218. TNA, AIR 40/399, HQ VIII Bomber Command, ORS Report on 5 Apr 1943 operations, 18 May 1943.

219. Serrien, Tranen over Mortsel, 41, from an anonymous letter on the bombing.

220. TNA, FO 898/312, Foreign Office to Director of Political Warfare (Operations), 9 Apr 1943.

221. TNA, AIR 19/218, Sinclair to Portal, 30 Apr 1943; Sinclair to Portal, 3 May 1943; Air Marshal Evill to Eaker, 10 May 1943, encl. App A, ‘Targets in Occupied Countries Recommended for Attack by the Eighth Air Force’; Air Ministry to Harris, 21 May 1943.

222. TNA, AIR 19/218, Portal to Eaker, 3 June 1943; Sinclair to Eden, 5 June 1943; Eden to Sinclair, 11 June 1943.

223. Ibid., draft leaflet, ‘An Urgent Warning to the Belgian People’, 16 June 1943; Bottomley to Harris and Eaker, 25 June and 15 July 1943; E. Micheils van Verduyren (Netherlands FO) to Sir Nevile Bland (British ambassador), 23 June 1943.

224. Joris van Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution: Allied Strategic Bombing on The Netherlands in the Second World War’, US School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, KS (2011), 35–6.

225. Altes, Luchtgevaar, 167–9.

226. LC, Eaker papers, Box I/20, Eaker to Portal, 28 Jul 1943; TNA, AIR 19/218, Portal to Eaker, 25 Jul 1943.

227. Pieter Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België tijdens WOII’, in http://pieterserrien.wordpress.com/2010/10/11.

228. Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 37–8.

229. B. A. Sijes, De Razzia van Rotterdam 10–11 November 1944 (Gravenhage: 1951), 27–9.

230. On aircraft see Overy, ‘The Luftwaffe and the European Economy’, 58–60.

231. NARA, T901, Roll 2018, Reichsgruppe Industrie, ‘Anlagen zu den Ergebnissen der Industrieberichterstattung: Belgien, Oktober 1943’; ibid., ‘Niederlande, November 1943’.

232. Altes, Luchtgevaar, 334–6.

233. Netherlands Institute of War Documentation, Amsterdam, File 222, Haagische Courant, 30 May 1944; Het Nieuws van den Dag, 30 Jan 1942.

234. TNA, FO 898/234, Stockholm Despatch to PWE, 25 Nov 1943 (based on information from a Dutch visitor to Sweden).

235. AFHRA, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 519.12535, ‘Heavy Bombers: Targets in Low Countries’.

236. Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België’, 2–3.

237. Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 39–44; Altes, Luchtgevaar, 189–98, 203–2. The figure of 800 dead includes those classified as missing, those who died of wounds and a number of German personnel.

238. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 157, PWB chief, Leaflet Section, to Bruce Lockhart (PWE), 22 Apr 1944; Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 43–4.

239. Henrik Kristensen, Claus Kofoed, Frank Weber, Vestallierede luftangreb i Danmark under 2. Verdenskrig, 2 vols (Aarhus: 1988), vol 2, 731–2.

240. Ibid., 742–3, 745–7, 748.

241. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 67, ‘Status of Combined Bomber Offensive: First Phase, April 1–August 31 [1943]’.

242. TNA, AIR 2/8002, memorandum by the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1 Dec 1943; Laurence Collier (FO) to Eden, 26 Nov 1943.

243. Ibid., Air Ministry, ‘Priority Targets in Norway’ [n.d. but Apr 1944]; Norwegian High Command, ‘Comments on Priority Targets in Norway’, 31 May 1944.

244. Ibid., Norwegian Embassy to Air Ministry, 2 Nov 1944; Norwegian Embassy to Collier, 13 Dec 1944; Maurice Dean (Air Ministry) to Foreign Office, 11 Jan 1945; on the raid, Martin Middlebrook, Chris Everitt, The Bomber Command War Diaries (Leicester: 2000), 609.