The Historians' History of the World 08

1057 The Romans reassert their right to create popes on death of Victor. Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, Stephen IX, made pope.

1058 Stephen dies. Ignoring the empress Agnes, the Roman party makes Giovanni di Velletri, Benedict X, pope, getting the most lavish grants from him. The empress empowers Hildebrand to proceed with new election.

1059 Gerard, archbishop of Florence, Nicholas II, is elected and Benedict declared deposed. Hildebrand determines to deal a blow at the imperial prerogative. Second Lateran Council. The election of pope is vested solely with the cardinal-bishops. Simony and clerical marriage forbidden.

1061 Election of Anselmo Baggio, Alexander II, without consent of emperor, inaugurates the great struggle between pope and emperor. The imperial party calls a council at Bâle and elects Pietro Cadolaus Honorius II. He advances to Rome.

1063 The anti-pope driven by the Normans into the castle of St. Angelo, where he holds his position until

1064 when the fall of Adalbert crushes his last hopes. The schism is healed by Hanno, and Alexander universally acknowledged pope. Resistance to the decrees of celibacy is strong.

1073 Hildebrand, Gregory VII. His election is confirmed by the emperor. His main objects are the enforcement of celibacy among the clergy and the prohibition of investiture by the laity which is the great cause of simony. He demands that Henry IV shall acquiesce in all the newly assumed prerogatives of the papacy.

1075 Lay investiture prohibited. Breach between pope and Henry IV.

1076 Henry calls diet at Worms and declares pope deposed. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who is suspended from his royal office by Diet of Tribur.

1077 Henry humbles himself before the pope at Canossa. Gregory establishes the principle of the papal power to judge kings.

1080 Second excommunication of Henry. His adherents call a council and declare Gregory deposed. Election of Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, Clement III, as anti-pope.

1084 Henry finally takes Rome. Gregory shuts himself in the castle of St. Angelo. Clement crowns Henry emperor. The Normans take Rome. Robert Guiscard releases Gregory, who goes to Salerno and dies the following year. Clement III rules at Rome.

1086 The cardinals elect Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino, Victor III, pope. He lives mostly at Monte Cassino.

1087 Death of Victor.

1088 Five months after Victor’s death Eudes, bishop of Ostia, Urban II, is elected pope. He resides at Monte Cassino.

1094 Urban in Rome. Clement holds only the Vatican, St. Angelo, and the Lateran.

1095 Urban preaches the First Crusade in France. Council of Clermont.

1099 Paschal II. He expels Clement III from Rome, who dies the following year.

1100 On Clement’s death, Theodore, anti-pope, is elected by the imperial party. He falls into Paschal’s hands and condemned to be a hermit.

1102 Albert anti-pope—he is thrust into a monastery.

1105 Silvester IV, anti-pope. He is eventually deposed by the emperor himself.

1106 On death of Henry IV, the question of investiture is renewed with Henry V.

1110 Henry V makes a warlike descent on Italy. Treaty of Sutri, compromising rights of the church.

1111 Paschal refuses to crown Henry, who imprisons both pope and cardinals. Paschal compelled to bestow the crown on Henry.

1115 Death of the countess Matilda, leaving her possessions to the pope. Henry threatens another visit to Rome.

1116 Excommunication of Henry in the Lateran Council. Henry advances on Rome. The pope retreats to Benevento.

1118 Paschal returns to Rome. He dies. The cardinals elect Giovanni da Gaeta, Gelasius II. He is at once seized by Cencius Frangipani. The Transteverines compel his surrender. Henry V arrives in Rome. The pope flees to Gaeta, where he is consecrated. Henry, with the assent of the people, makes Maurice Bourdin, Gregory VIII, anti-pope. On Henry’s departure, Gelasius returns to Rome, but, again attacked, leaves Rome for France.

1119 Death of Gelasius at Lyons. Election of Guido, archbishop of Vienne, Calixtus II. He excommunicates Henry and the anti-pope, and sets out for Rome.

1120 Calixtus captures Gregory and submits him to great degradation.

1121 Death of Gregory in prison. Celestine II anti-pope.

1122 The Concordat of Worms settles the question of investiture. The emperor cedes the right of investiture by ring and staff. The pope allows the election of bishops and abbots according to canonical procedure in the presence of the emperor, but without bribery or compulsion.

1124 Lambert di Fagnano, Honorius II, elected through the Frangipani influence. He rules in peace with Germany, but heads the papal forces in the south of Italy.