The Historians' History of the World 08

1210 Excommunication of Otto who has not given up all the territories he promised. Foundation of the Franciscan order.

1212 Innocent makes Frederick II king of Germany. He deposes King John and offers crown of England to Philip Augustus.

1213 John submits to the pope.

1215 Innocent attempts to annul Magna Charta. Fourth Lateran Council. Transubstantiation a doctrine. Auricular confession enforced. Coronation of Frederick II as king of Germany, who promises to undertake a crusade.

1216 Confirmation of the Dominican order. Death of Innocent. Cencio Savelli, Honorius III, elected.

1217 Honorius obliges Andrew of Hungary to undertake a crusade.

1220 Coronation of Frederick as emperor. He renews promises to go to the Holy Land.

1223 Congress at Ferentino. Frederick pledges himself to start within two years.

1225 Frederick obtains another delay. On account of trouble with the senate Honorius goes to Tivoli.

1227 Ugolino Conti, Gregory IX. He excommunicates Frederick, who makes an unsuccessful attempt to start for the Holy Land. Ezzelino da Romano drives the Guelfs out of Verona and Vicenza.

1228 Second excommunication of Frederick for starting without absolution. The pope sends his army into Apulia.

1229 The papal army ravages Apulia but Frederick hastens back from Syria to recover his territory. He is excommunicated a third time. Close of the Albigensian Crusade. Council of Toulouse forbids reading of Scripture by laymen and adopts severe measures for the suppression of heresy.

1230 The pope and Frederick are reconciled. Great flood in Rome.

1231 Negotiations are opened for the union of the Greek and Latin churches.

1232 Tribunals of the Inquisition established in southern France.

1233 The Germans put to death the first inquisitor.

1234 Rising in Rome drives Gregory from the city.

1238 League of Venice, Genoa, and the pope against Frederick, on account of his growing power and successes in Lombardy.

1239 Excommunication of Frederick and charges preferred against him.

1240 Gregory proclaims a crusade against Frederick, who invades the papal territory.

1241 Frederick’s fleets capture twenty-two Genoese galleys, containing many ecclesiastics on their way to a council at Rome. They are imprisoned. Death of Gregory. Goffredo Castiglione, Celestine IV, elected. He dies in eighteen days. The see is vacant.

1243 Frederick releases some of the imprisoned ecclesiastics that an election may take place. Senibaldi di Fieschi, Innocent IV, is chosen. Peace negotiations fail.

1244 Innocent escapes to Lyons.

1245 Innocent calls the Thirteenth General Council at Lyons. Frederick is excommunicated and deposed.

1246 Louis IX fails in an attempt to reconcile Innocent and Frederick. Innocent demands large sums from England, France, and Italy, to prosecute his struggle with Frederick, and this causes great discontent in those countries.

1247 Frederick besieges the papal forces in Parma.

1248 Frederick raises the siege.

1250 Death of Frederick.

1251 Return of Innocent to Italy. He goes to Perugia to reside. Excommunication of Conrad. The pope incites Sicily and Apulia to rebellion. Manfred puts the rebels down.

1252 Conrad IV and Manfred attack Naples, and capture Capua.

1253 Surrender of Naples to Conrad.

1254 The pope bestows the crown of Sicily on Prince Edmund of England. Death of Innocent, at Naples, on an expedition against Manfred. Rinaldo di Segni, Alexander IV. Rise of the Flagellants.

1255 The people of Messina expel the papal governor. The papal legate makes treaty with Manfred, but Alexander will not ratify it, claiming that Edmund is king of Sicily. The English parliament will not grant Edmund the money to take the throne.

1256 Manfred makes himself supreme in Sicily in the name of Conradin. Imprisonment of the senator Brancaleone, who is released by the people (1258). Establishment of the Augustine order of mendicant friars.

1257 Interdiction of Portugal on account of divorce of Alfonso III.

1258 Battle of Corticella. Ezzelino da Romano defeats the pope’s army, and captures Brescia.

1259 Excommunication of Manfred, who has been crowned the previous year. The pope decides the question of emperorship in favour of Richard of Cornwall. Fall of the Ghibelline champion, Ezzelino da Romano.

1260 The Ghibellines regain Florence. Execution of Alberic da Romano.

1261 Death of Alexander in exile. Jacques Pantaléon, patriarch of Jerusalem, Urban IV.

1262 Urban, to resist Conradin, offers crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou. The Ghibellines in Tuscany acknowledge Manfred.

1263 Milan refuses to accept Otto Visconti as archbishop of the city.

1264 Charles of Anjou appointed senator of Rome. Death of Urban.

1265 Guy Foulques, Clement IV. Coronation of Charles of Anjou as king of Sicily.

1269 Death of Clement. The see is vacant for over two years, owing to discord among the cardinals.

1271 Teobaldo di Visconti, Gregory X. Rudolf of Habsburg acknowledges papal supremacy.