The Historians' History of the World 08

1130 At death of Honorius, a portion of the cardinals elect Gregorio de’ Papi, Innocent II. The remainder choose Peter Leonis, Anacletus II, who gains the support of Roger of Sicily. Innocent wins over Bernard of Clairvaux, and, through him, Lothair II.

1132 Lothair goes to Italy against Anacletus and Roger.

1133 Coronation of Lothair by Innocent, who gives him the allodial possessions of the countess Matilda as a fief.

1138 Death of Anacletus settles the disputed election. Gregorio Conti, Victor IV, the new anti-pope, holds out for two months. All Rome acknowledges Innocent.

1139 Great Lateran Council. It condemns Arnold of Brescia. The pope asserts his unlimited power over the episcopal order. Innocent goes to war with Roger of Sicily and is taken prisoner. He is released on recognising Roger’s title and kingdom.

1143 Guido di Castello, Celestine II.

1144 Lucius II. The Roman people carry out the plans of Arnold of Brescia, institute a republic, and accept only the spiritual authority of the pope. Lucius appeals to the emperor, Conrad, in vain.

1145 Death of Lucius while storming the Capitol. The abbot, Bernard, of Pisa, Eugenius III, succeeds. He recovers Rome from Arnold of Brescia. The republic capitulates.

1146 Arnold regains Rome. Eugenius flees to France. He becomes the satellite of Bernard of Clairvaux. Council of Vézelay promotes Second Crusade.

1153 Conrad, bishop of Sabina, Anastasius IV.

1154 Nicholas Breakspear, Adrian IV.

1155 Rome put under religious interdiction. The clergy and people compel the senate to yield. Banishment and execution of Arnold of Brescia. Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.

1156 Frederick retires to Germany. Alliance of Adrian with Sicily.

1157 Quarrel of Frederick and Adrian.

1158 Frederick goes to Italy to settle quarrel.

1159 Frederick threatened with excommunication. Adrian dies. The election divided: Rolando Ranuci, Alexander III, and Octavian, cardinal of St. Cecilia, Victor IV.

1160 Frederick summons Council of Pavia to decide claim of the two popes. On account of Alexander’s haughty attitude Frederick recognises Victor.

1162 After many struggles with Victor, Alexander takes refuge in France.

1164 Death of Victor. Guido of Crema, Paschal III, chosen by a small faction to succeed as anti-pope. He does not dare enter Rome.

1165 Alexander returns to Rome where the senate receives him.

1167 Frederick takes Rome and installs Paschal. His second coronation by Paschal.

1168 The cause of Paschal much weakened by departure of Frederick. Death of Paschal. John, bishop of Tusculum, Calixtus III succeeds as anti-pope. His power grows weaker.

1176 Frederick makes armistice with pope and Lombards after defeat at Legnano.

1177 Reconciliation of Frederick and Alexander at Venice.

1178 Calixtus abdicates his title. End of the schism.

1181 Ubaldo Allucingoli, Lucius III.

1182 Rebellion in Rome drives Lucius out.

1185 Humbert Crivelli, Urban III. He lives chiefly at Verona. He quarrels with Frederick over several matters.

1187 Death of Urban as he is about to excommunicate Frederick. Albert, cardinal of San Lorenzo, Gregory VIII. He preaches a crusade. He goes to Pisa to settle quarrel between Genoa and Pisa and dies. Paolo Scolari, Clement III.

1188 Clement makes peace with the Roman people.

1191 Giacinto Orsini, Celestine III. Surrender of Tusculum to the Romans.

1194 The pope excommunicates Henry VI for his cruelty to the Sicilians.

1198 Lothario Conti, Innocent III. His pontificate marks the culmination of the papal power. Innocent preaches the Fifth Crusade. He compels the prefect of Rome to swear allegiance to him, thus practically establishing the temporal sovereignty of the pope over Rome. He orders the seneschal Markwald of Anweiler to surrender the march of Ancona. Death of Constanza. Markwald lays claim to the administration of Sicily. Association of Guelfs with papal party.

1199 Conrad of Lutzenberg, count of Spoleto, is forced to return to Germany. The Italian cities welcome Innocent as a deliverer.

1201 Decision in favour of Otto IV, of Germany. Defeat of Markwald by Walter de Brienne and the papal army. Innocent compels Philip Augustus to take back his divorced wife.

1202 Alfonso IX refuses to annul his marriage to his cousin. Papal interdict in the kingdom of Leon. Innocent protests against the crusaders’ expedition against Zara.

1204 Innocent sends legate to crown Joannice king of Bulgaria. Dominic begins to preach in Languedoc.

1208 Resistance of King John of England to the consecration of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. Interdiction placed on England.

1209 Otto abandons the lands of the countess Matilda and other territories in Italy to the pope. Innocent crowns him. Excommunication of King John. Crusade against the Albigenses is begun.