The Origins of Autocracy

[60] See, for example, S. V Veselovskii, К voprosy о proukhozhdenii votchinnogo rezhima\ S. M. Kashtanov, Sotsial'no-politicheskaia istoriia Rossii kontsa XV—pervoi poloviny XVI v.; Horace Dewey, "Immunities in Old Russia."

[61] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Sochineniia, vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 354. Emphasis added.

[62] "[The struggle between the church and the state in Byzantium] ended in the Church's becoming virtually a department of the medieval East Roman State; and a State that has reduced the Church to this position has thereby made itself 'total­itarian'—if our latter-day term 'totalitarian State' means a state that has established its control over every side of the life of its subjects" (Toynbee, ibid., p. 93).

[62] Ibid., p. 95. 17. Ibid., p. 91. 18. Ibid., p. 94.

[63] Ibid., p. 23. 23. Ibid., p. 97. 24. Ibid., p. 71.

28. Ibid., p. 85. Emphasis added.

[65] Ibid., p. 86. 30. Ibid., p. 94. 31. Ibid., p. 89. 32. Ibid., p. 90.

33. Ibid., p. 21. 34. Ibid., p. 94.

[67] Ibid., p. 112.

[68] S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen, Bk. 3, pp. 174-75.

[69] Cited in M. A. D'akonov, Vlast' moskovskikh gosudarei, pp. 187-88.

[70] Ibid., p. 189.

[71] Ibid., p. 191.

[72] Gustav Alef, "Aristocratic Politics and Royal Policy in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries," p. 1.

[73] Cited in G. V. Plekhanov, Sochineniia, vol. 20, p. 233.

[74] G. Kotoshikhin, О Rossii v tsarstvovanie Alekseia Mikhailovicha, Sochinenie Grigoriia Kotoshikhina, p. 53. Emphasis added.