The Origins of Autocracy

[222] I. V. Stalin, Voprosy leninizma (11th ed.), p. 329.

[223] Ibid., p. 328.

[224] N. L. Rubinshtein, Russkaia istoriografiia, p. 634.

[225] V. I. Kostylev, Ivan Groznyi.

[226] Cheka is the Russian abbreviation for the Extraordinary Commission for Com­batting Counterrevolution, Sabotage, and Speculation, the main political police organ of the early revolutionary period, which functioned from 1917 to 1922. The derivative of this dreadful term, "Chekisty," is an honorary title for all the successors of the Cheka, that is, all members of the Soviet political police to this day.

[227] Cited in ibid., pp. 121-22.

[228] Bakhrushin, pp. 52, 54.

[229] A. A. Zimin, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo, pp. 4-5.

[230] Cited in S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii, bk. 3, pp. 756-57.

[231] Ibid., pp. 27, 20.

[232] It is sufficient to mention his well-known works: Nachalo oprichniny, Oprichnyi ter­ror, and Ivan Groznyi.

[233] Grekov, Krestiane na Rusi, vol. 1, p. 297.

[234] Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 114.

[235] Cited in ibid., p. 138.

[236] Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, p. 223.

[237] Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, pp. 247-48.

[238] Skrynnikov, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo (author's abstract of doctoral disserta­tion, Leningrad, 1967, p. 41).

[239] Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 121. Emphasis added.

[240] Ibid., p. 152.

[241] Makovskii, Razvitie (1st ed.), p. 212.