The Origins of Autocracy

24. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia (2nd ed.), vol. 2, pp. 165, 166, 167.

[136] Ibid.

[137] Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia (2nd ed.), vol. 2, p. 392.

[138] S. Herberstein, Zapiski . . . , p. 28.

[139] The well-known Soviet historian N. I. Pavlenko admits with a sigh that "about the Boyar Duma of the second half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth, we know no more than was known to Kliuchevskii almost ninety years ago. The situation with regard to the study of the Assemblies of the Land is equally un­satisfactory" ("K voprosu о genezise absoliutizma v Rossii," p. 54).

[140] Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia (2nd ed.), vol. 2, p. 166. Emphasis added.

[141] Ibid., p. 392. Emphasis added.

[142] Cited in Belov, p. 49.

[143] N. M. Karamzin, Istoriia gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, vol. 8, p. 308.

[144] Ibid., vol. 9, p. 5.

[145] Kliuchevskii, p. 198.

[146] This word cannot be literally rendered into English. It is derived from liudi (people) and drat' (to tear, to skin), but as the text indicates, it means something more than mere cruelty or atrocities, even of the most extreme kind.

[147] M. V. Lomonosov, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, p. 66.

[148] M. M. Shcherbatov, Istoriia Rossiiskaia s drevneishikh vremen, vol. 2, p. 832.

[149] Ibid. Emphasis added.

[150] Karamzin, who had begun his History during the Time of Troubles which oc­curred after the Oprichnina of Paul, was certainly aware of the need to prevent a new tyranny. As an adherent on principle of autocracy, he saw no better means of doing so than by threatening the potential tyrant with the "eternal curse of history" (vol. 9, p. 439).

[151] Shcherbatov, vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 222.

[152] Karamzin, vol. 9, pp. 438-39. 51. Ibid., p. 440.

Ibid., pp. 440-41,443.

A. S. Pushkin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 1, p. 303.

63. Cited in Mikhailovskii, pp. 160-61.

[156] M. P. Pogodin, Sochineniia, vol. 4, p. 7.

[157] Ibid., p. 10.

[158] V G. Belinskii, Sobranie sochinenii v trekh tomakh, vol. 3, p. 644.

[159] Kavelin, pt. 1, p. 308.

[160] Ibid., pt. 2, pp. 454-55.

[161] Ibid., pt. 1, p. 333.

[162] Ibid., p. 321.

[163] S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii, bk. 3, p. 664.

[164] B. N. Chicherin, О narodnom predstavitel'stve, pp. 524-25.

[165] P. N. Miliukov, Ocherki . . . , pp. 113-14.

[166] N. P. Pavlov-Sil'vanskii, Gosudarevy sluzhitye liudi . . . , p. 223.

[167] Kavelin, pt. 1, pp. 355, 362. Emphasis added.

Terrible, who routed this nobility, and Catherine II who restored it? After all, they were