The Origins of Autocracy

working in opposite directions—from the point of view of Ravelin's criterion. They were united by another criterion of progress—also one of Ravelin's: the expansion of the might of the Russian state. The problem, however, lies in the fact that these two criteria contradict each other, which Kavelin does not even notice.

15. Kavelin, pt. 1, p. 310. 16. Ibid., p. 357. 17. Ibid., p. 361.

[171] Ibid., p. 362. 19. Ibid., p. 361. 20. Ibid., pp. 361-62.

[172] Ibid., pt. 2, p. 597.

[173] S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia otnoshenii mezhdu russkimi kniaziami Riurikova doma, p. 597. Emphasis added.

[174] K. Kavelin, pt. 2, pp. 597, 596.

[175] Ibid., p. 610.

[176] Ibid., pp. 656, 645-46, 678.

[177] K. Iarosh, Psikhologicheskaia parallel', p. 31.

votchina in such-and-such village." Unfortunately, moments of repentance were suc­

[179] I. I. Smirnov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 93.

[180] S. B. Veselovskii, p. 23.

[181] K. S. Aksakov, Sochineniia istoricheskie, vol. 1, p. 284.

[182] V. Rubin, Ideologiia i kul'tura drevnego Kitaia, p. 84. The conception of the destiny of the doctrine of Confucius given here is that of the author of this book, which is re­markable in many respects.

[183] Ravelin, pt. 1, p. 355.

[184] Kavelin, pt. 1, p. 410.

[185] Ibid., p. 412.

[186] S. Gorskii, Zhizn' i istoricheskoe znachenie kniazia A. M. Kurbskogo, p. 15.

[187] S. Gorskii, p. 373.

[188] Quoted from A. Yanov, "Al'ternativa," p. 72. This article, in which the struggle of the emigr6 Herzen was represented as the only worthy alternative to the pseudopa- triotism of the "slavish majority," was one of the causes of my own expulsion from Rus­sia, and the issue of Motodoi kommunist in which it appeared was suppressed.

[189] Ibid., p. 74.

[190] Cited in Poslaniia Ivana Groznogo, p. 459.

[191] Cited in ibid., pp. 469, 471.

[192] R. G. Skrynnikov, Perepiska [Ivana] Groznogo г Kurbskogo, pp. 57, 59.