The Russian Revolution

emergence of Russian intelligentsia

revolutionary movement in nineteenth century Russia

the Socialists-Revolutionaries

Russian liberals

5    The Constitutional Experiment

Monarchy and constitutionalism

the Fundamental Laws of 1906

elections to the Duma

the First Duma

Stolypin

Stolypin represses terror

his agrarian reforms

the Second Duma and the electoral law of June 3, 1907

Stolypin’s political difficulties begin

the Western zemstvo crisis

Stolypins murder

assessment of Stolypin

Russia on the eve of World War I

6    Russia at War

Strategic preparations and Russia’s readiness for war

early campaigns: East Prussia and Galicia

Russian debacle in Poland, 1915

changes in government

emergence of the Progressive Bloc and Nicholas’s assumption of high command

bringing society into limited partnership in the war effort

7    Toward the Catastrophe

Inflation

the Brusilov offensive

rise of tension in the country

food crisis

Protopopov

the liberals decide to attack

Duma sessions of November 1916

assassination of Rasputin

last days at Tsarskoe Selo

plots against the Imperial family

8    The February Revolution

Mutiny of Petrograd garrison

the Duma hesitates to claim power

emergence of Petrograd Soviet and of its Executive Committee

Duma and Soviet agree on formation of Provisional Government

Order No. 1

abdication of Nicholas II

Michael refuses the crown

early actions of Provisional Government

Soviet undermines the government

land, Constituent Assembly, and war aims

revolution spreads nationwide

ex-tsar returns to Tsarskoe Selo

extraordinary rapidity of Russia’s breakdown

PART TWO   The Bolsheviks Conquer Russia

9    Lenin and the Origins of Bolshevism

Lenin’s early years

Lenin and Social Democracy

his personality

his disenchantment with Social Democracy

emergence of Bolshevism

final split with the Mensheviks

Lenin’s agrarian and nationality programs

financial affairs of the Bolshevik party

the Malinovskii episode

Zimmerwald, Kiental, and connections with enemy agents

10    The Bolshevik Bid for Power

The Bolshevik Party in early 1917

Lenin returns to Russia with German help

Lenin’s revolutionary tactics

the April 1917 Bolshevik demonstration

socialists enter Provisional Government

Bolshevik assets in the struggle for power and German subsidies

the aborted Bolshevik street action in June

Kerensky’s summer offensive

the Bolsheviks ready another assault

preparation for putsch

the events of July 3–5

the putsch suppressed: Lenin flees, Kerensky dictator

11    The October Coup

Kornilov appointed Commander in Chief

Kerensky asks Kornilov’s help in suppressing anticipated Bolshevik coup

the break between Kerensky and Kornilov

rise in Bolshevik fortunes