The Russian Revolution

40. Soldier section of the Petrograd Soviet. The Library of Congress.

41. Executive Committee (Ispolkom) of the Petrograd Soviet. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

42. Prince G. Lvov.

43. Alexander Kerensky.

44. N. D. Sokolov drafting Order No. 1: March 1, 1917.

45. Political meeting at the front: Summer 1917. Niva, No. 19 (1917).

46. Grand Duke Michael.

47. Officer candidates (iunkers) parading in Petrograd: March 1917.

48. Ex-Tsar Nicholas at Tsarskoe Selo, March 1917, under house arrest. The Library of Congress.

49. Leonid Krasin.

50. Lenin: Paris 1910.

51. Kerensky visiting the front: summer 1917. Courtesy Bakhmeteff Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

52. Russian soldiers fleeing Germans: July 1917. The Daily Mirror (London).

53. The July 1917 events.

54. P. N. Pereverzev. Niva, No. 19 (1917).

55. The Palace Square in Petrograd after the suppression of the Bolshevik putsch.

56. Mutinous soldiers of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment disarmed: July 5, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

57. Leon Trotsky.

58. General Lavr Kornilov.

59. Kornilov feted on his arrival at the Moscow State Conference.

60. Vladimir Lvov.

61. N. V. Nekrasov.

62. Soldiers of the “Wild Division” meet with the Luga Soviet.

63. The Military-Revolutionary Committee (Milrevkom).

64. Grigorii Zinoviev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

65. L. B. Kamenev. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

66. N. I. Podvoiskii.

67. Cadets (iunkers) defending the Winter Palace: October 1917.

68. The Winter Palace, after being seized and looted by the Bolsheviks. VAAP, Moscow.

69. The Assembly Hall in Smolnyi.

70. Cadets defending the Moscow Kremlin: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

71. Fires burning in Moscow during battle between loyal and Bolshevik forces: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

72. Iakov Sverdlov.

73. Latvians guarding Lenin’s office in Smolnyi. State Museum of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Leningrad.

74. Lenin and secretarial staff of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.

75. One of the early meetings of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.

76. Voting for the Constituent Assembly.

77. Electoral poster of the Constitutional-Democrats. Poster Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.

78. F. M. Onipko. Niva, No. 19 (1917).

79. Victor Chernov. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

80. The Russian delegation arrives at Brest-Litovsk.

81. The signing of the Armistice at Brest.

82. Russian and German troops fraternizing: Winter 1917–18. Culver Pictures.

83. Kurt Riezler.

84. A. Ioffe.

85. Armored train of Czech Legion in Siberia: June 1918. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

86. General Gajda, Commander of the Czech Legion. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

87. Maria Spiridonova. Isaac N. Steinberg Collection, Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York.

88. Colonel I. Vatsetis.

89. Boris Savinkov.

90. Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. Perkhurov.

91. A German-Russian love affair: contemporary Russian cartoon.

92. Iurii Larin.

93. A common sight on the streets of Moscow and Petrograd in 1918–21. Hoover Institution Archives: Boris Sokoloff Collection.

94. A typical peasant “bourgeois-capitalist.”

95. Ipatev’s house—the “House of Special Designation.”

96. Ipatev’s house surrounded by a palisade. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

97. Alexis and Olga on board the ship Rus’.

98. The murderer of Nicholas II, Iurovskii, with his family.

99. Isaac Steinberg. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

100. Feliks Dzerzhinskii.

101. Fannie Kaplan. David King Collection, London.

102. Dzerzhinskii and Stalin.

MAPS

Russian Empire circa 1900

European Russia

Petrograd

German Advance into Russia, 1917–1918

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the course of working on this book I have benefited from the generous support of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Smith Richardson Foundation, to which I would like to express my warm appreciation. I am also grateful to the Hoover Institution at Stanford, California, for giving me access to its unrivaled collections.

ABBREVIATIONS

ARR

Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii

BK

Bor’ba klassov

BM

Berliner Monatshefte

Brogkauz & Efron

Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar’ Ob-va Brogkauz i Efron

, 41 vols.

BSE

Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia

, 65 vols.

Dekrety

Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti

, 11 vols. (Moscow, 1957–   )

DN

Delo naroda

EV

Ekonomicheskii vestnik

EZh

Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’

Forschungen

Forschungen zur Osteuropäischen Geschichte

GM

Golos minuvshego