The Russian Revolution

food requisition policies and hunger in the cities

campaign against the village begins, May 1918

food supply detachments meet with resistance: massive peasant revolt

“Committees of the Poor”

assessment of the campaign

17    Murder of the Imperial Family

Russian regicide unique

the ex-tsar and family in the first months of Bolshevik rule

Ekaterinburg Bolsheviks want ex-tsar in their custody

Nicholas and Alexandra transported to Ekaterinburg

the “House of Special Designation”

murder of Michael as trial baloon

Cheka fabricates rescue operation

decision to kill ex-tsar taken in Moscow: Cheka takes over guard duties

the murder

disposal of the remains

assassination of other members of the Imperial family at Alapaevsk

Moscow announces execution of Nicholas but not of family

implications of these events

18    The Red Terror

Lenin’s attitude toward terror

abolition of law

origins of the Cheka

Cheka’s conflict with the Commissariat of Justice

Lenin shot, August 30, 1918

background of this event and beginning of Lenin cult

“Red Terror” officially launched

mass murder of hostages

some Bolsheviks revolted by bloodbath

Cheka penetrates all Soviet institutions

Bolsheviks create concentration camps

victims of Red Terror

foreign reactions

Afterword

Glossary

Chronology

Notes

One Hundred Works on the Russian Revolution

About the Author

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Lenin, March 1919. VAAP, Moscow.

2. Nicholas II and family shortly before outbreak of World War I. Brown Brothers.

3. Viacheslav Plehve.

4. Remains of Plehve’s body after terrorist attack.

5. Prince P. D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii.

6. Governor Fullon visits Father Gapon and his Assembly of Russian Workers.

7. Bloody Sunday.

8. Paul Miliukov. The Library of Congress.

9. Sergei Witte. The Library of Congress.

10. Crowds celebrating the proclamation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905.

11. After an anti-Jewish pogrom in Rostov on Don. Courtesy of Professor Abraham Ascher.

12. Members of St. Petersburg Soviet en route to Siberian exile: 1905.

13. The future Nicholas II as tsarevich. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.

14. Dancing class at Smolnyi Institute, c. 1910. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.

15. Russian peasants: late nineteenth century. The Library of Congress.

16. Village assembly. Courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

17. Peasants in winter clothing.

18. Strip farming as practiced in Central Russia, c. 1900.

19. L. Martov and T. Dan.

20. Ivan Goremykin.

21. P. A. Stolypin: 1909. M. P. Bok Papers, Bakhmeteff Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

22. Right-wing Duma deputies.

23. General V. A. Sukhomlinov. The Illustrated London News.

24. Nicholas II at army headquarters: September 1914.

25. Russian prisoners of war taken by the Germans in Poland: Spring 1915. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

26. General A. Polivanov. VAAP, Moscow.

27. Alexandra Fedorovna and her confidante, Anna Vyrubova.

28. Alexander Protopopov.

29. Rasputin with children in his Siberian village.

30. International Women’s Day in Petrograd, February 23, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

31. Crowds on Znamenskii Square, Petrograd. The Library of ongress.

32. Mutinous soldiers in Petrograd: February 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

33. Petrograd crowds burning emblems of the Imperial regime: February 1917. The Illustrated London News.

34. Arrest of a police informer. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.

35. Workers toppling the statue of Alexander III in Moscow (1918).

36. Provisional Committee of the Duma. The Library of Congress.

37. Troops of the Petrograd garrison in front of the Winter Palace.

38. A sailor removing an officer’s epaulettes. VAAP, Moscow.

39. K. A. Gvozdev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.