The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

53. k-19,655.

54. Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution, pp. 69, 568, 576, 696.

55. The KGB file noted by Mitrokhin records that the Service V thugs chosen to assist GUREYEV in kidnapping Černý were named Alekseyev and Ivanov; Petrov and Borisov, also from Service V, were to help GROMOV make off with Procházka (k-19,655).

56. k-19,655; k-20,95.

57. k-20,155,156,203.

58. k-20,89.

59. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 129; Valenta, Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968, pp. 63-4. k-20,203.

60. Pikhoya, “Chekhoslovakiya 1968 god,” part 2, pp. 35ff; Gardner, “The Soviet Decision to Invade Czechoslovakia.”

61. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 129; Valenta, Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968, pp. 63-4.

62. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, pp. 140-1. Mitrokhin notes that KGB plans “to carry out special assignments on nine people” in Czechoslovakia in August 1968 were canceled by the Centre, but gives no further details (k-20,203).

63. k-19,644.

64. This is the interpretation of Frantisek August, an StB officer who later defected to the West. According to August, Frouz was “a Soviet agent” (August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 128).

65. Interviews with Kalugin in Komsomolskaya Pravda (June 20, 1990) and Moscow News, 1990, no. 25; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 487-8; Kramer, “The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia,” part 2, p. 6.

66. The minutes of the Politburo meeting of August 15-17, 1968, which agreed the final details of the invasion, are not yet available.

67. Littell (ed.), The Czech Black Book Prepared by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, pp. 64-70; August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, pp. 134-5.

68. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, p. 183.

69. Littell (ed.), The Czech Black Book Prepared by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, p. 70.

70. Kramer, “The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia,” part 2, p. 3.

71. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, chs. 22-25.

72. An Outline of the History of the CPCz, p. 305.

73. k-19,644.

74. k-19,644. It is unclear from Mitrokhin’s notes whether PATERA was an StB or KGB codename or an alias.

75. Kalugin, Spymaster, p. 107. Kalugin was “deeply moved by the resident’s words.”

76. Fourteen illegals were sent to Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (k-20,182); most had almost certainly been on previous short-term missions during the Prague Spring. The total sent, usually on more than one mission, to Czechoslovakia in 1968-9 was twenty-nine (k-20,203).

77. k-19,246.

78. k-20,181.

79. k-16,329; k-20,150,187.

80. k-16,329; k-20,176.

81. k-16,329; k-19,158.

82. k-16,329; k-19,158.

83. k-19,384.

84. vol. 8, ch. 8 and app. 1. ERNA, previously codenamed NORA, who had been born in France of Spanish parents in 1914, became a Communist militant and commanded a machine-gun company during the Spanish Civil War. In 1939 she moved to Russia, took Soviet citizenship and joined the NKGB in 1941. She worked as an illegal in France (1946-52) and Mexico (1954-57) before moving to Montreal in 1958. Despite her criticisms, ERNA told her shocked comrades in Budapest that she remained a committed Leninist. By the mid-1970s, however, she had become so disillusioned that she broke contact with the KGB.

85. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 81-2.

86. k-19,158.

87. vol. 3, pakapp. 3.

88. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 187.

89. k-8,78; k-19,158,298,415,454; vol. 6, ch. 1, part 1; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 3.

90. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 172-3; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 491-2.

Chapter Sixteen Progress’ Operations Part 2

1. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, pp. 225-6.

2. The Ministry of the Interior existed at both federal and national levels. There were thus Czech and Slovak ministers in addition to the Czechoslovak minister.

3. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, pp. 236-9.

4. k-20,149.

5. k-20,189,177.

6. k-20,154. On Pachman, see Hruby, Fools and Heroes, ch. 4.

7. k-19,643.

8. Renner, A History of Czechoslovakia Since 1945, p. 98.

9. Jakeš’s contact in the KGB liaison office was G. Slavin (first name and patronymic not recorded in Mitrokhin’s notes; k-19,575).

10. k-19,552.

11. k-19,643.

12. k-19,615.