The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

34. DARIO had already served in the Italian foreign ministry before the Second World War, and was reemployed there afterwards.

35. See above, chapter 21.

36. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 29-40.

37. Fursenko and Naftali, “Soviet Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” pp. 65-6.

38. See above, chapters 6, 7, and 15.

39. See above, chapter 26.

40. Izvestia (September 24, 1991).

41. The foreign intelligence reports submitted to Stalin and Khrushchev and the more elaborate assessments supplied to their successors will one day be a major source for the study of Soviet foreign policy. Thus far, however, very few are available for research.

42. k-9, 122; vol. 2, app. 3.

43. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 145-7.

44. See above, chapters 11, 13, and 21.

45. Pentagon estimate cited by Tuck, High-Tech Espionage, pp. 108-9.

46. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, p. 33.

47. Gorbachev’s speech was reported in Pravda on March 26, 1986.

48. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 134-5, 139.

49. See above, chapter 25.

50. Report of the House Committee, chaired by Representative Christopher Cox, of which a declassified version was published as this volume was going to press in May 1999.

51. k-3b, 137. Though this residency circular was sent out in 1977, it merely reiterated priorities formulated in previous instructions from the Centre.

52. k-25, 186.

53. See above, chapter 20.

54. See above, chapter 18.

55. See above, chapter 22.

56. vol. 6, ch. 1, part 1; k-25, 56; k-21, 74, 96, 99.

57. vol. 6, ch. 10. Mitrokhin’s notes do not give the names of the operational officers assigned to the Karpov-Korchnoi match. Korchnoi’s official “second,” the British grandmaster Raymond Keene, believed that the head of the Soviet delegation at the championship, V. D. Baturinsky, was a KGB colonel (Keene, Karpov-Korchnoi 1978, p. 32). Korchnoi gives an account of his defection and career up to the 1978 world championship in his autobiography, Chess is My Life.

58. Keene, Karpov-Korchnoi 1978, pp. 56, 147-9, 153-4. During the rematch between Korchnoi and Karpov at Merano, Italy, in 1981, the KGB established a dedicated cipher communication circuit to report on the progress of matches and arranged a shuttle service between the Rome residency and the KGB operational group covering the World Chess Championship. No fewer than fourteen active measures were implemented in an attempt once again to ensure Korchnoi’s defeat (k-5, 921). The undercover KGB advance party at Merano claimed to be monitoring the drinking water, the climate, noise levels, even levels of radioactivity (Kasparov, Child of Change, p. 76). Korchnoi, then past his best and, at fifty, a relatively elderly challenger for the world title, lost by eleven points to seven.

59. Karpov’s eventual conqueror in the 1985 world championship, Gary Kasparov, has made much of the obstacles placed in his path by the Soviet establishment. He himself, however, owed much to the support of the head of the Azerbaijan KGB, Geidar Alyev. Lawson, The Inner Game, p. 17; Kasparov, Child of Change, p. 79.

60. See above, chapter 28.

61. See above, chapter 29.

62. The text of the appeal of the “State Committee for the State of Emergency,” dated August 18, 1991, was published in The Times (August 19, 1991).

63. Gorbachev, The August Coup, p. 31.

64. Knight, Spies Without Cloaks, pp. 130-1. Trubnikov is a former senior FCD officer who made his reputation during operations in India, which will be covered in volume 2.

65. Unattributable information from Russian sources.

66. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, p. 17.

67. Unattributable information from Russian sources.

68. Remnick, Resurrection, p. 370.

69. Unattributable information from Russian sources.

70. Knight, Spies Without Cloaks, pp. 89-91, 106-8. Remnick, Resurrection, pp. 276-7. Anna Blundy, “Return to Grace of the Baby-faced Hawk,” The Times (May 13, 1999). Stepashin is the only one of the original supporters of the war to admit his mistake.

71. Davies, Europe, pp. 328-32, 464-5.

72. The classic, though possibly overstated, analysis of the faultlines between cultures is Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.

73. Pulled westward by a Western-educated élite often out of tune with its own population, Greece remains something of an anomaly as an Orthodox member of NATO and the EU. Stefan Wagstyl, Kerin Hope and John Thornhill, “Christendom’s Ancient Split,” Financial Times (May 4, 1999).

74. Haslam, “Russia’s Seat at the Table,” p. 129.