Tolstoy

26. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis’ 1], 18.

27. JE 34, 356.

28. Gusev 1, 146–147.

29. Gusev 1, 135–136.

30. Gusev 1, 143–144.

31. Gusev 1, 145.

32. Letter of 25 October 1891, cited in Letopis’ 1, 21.

33. Gusev 1, 77.

34. Count Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817–1875) was descended from Tolstoy’s great uncle Pyotr Andreyevich (1746–1820).

35. See, for example, Neil Cornwell, ed., The Reference Guide to Russian Literature, London, 1998, 818.

36. See ‘Il’ya Muromets v russkom epose’, Il’ya Muromets, ed. A. M. Astakhova, Moscow, 1958, 393–419.

37. Quotation from the poet and scholar Guido Mazzoni in P. Sergeenko, O Tolstom, Moscow, 1911, 135.

38. See caricatures reproduced in Gr. Lev Tolstoi: velikii pisatel’ zemli russkoi v portretakh, grayurakh, zhivopisi, skul’pture, karikaturakh i t d., ed. P. N. Krasnov and L. M. Vol’f, Moscow, 1903.

39. See Alexander Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians, Ann Arbor, 1984, 20.

40. Gusev 1, 154.

4 Youth

1. Pavel Biryukov, Biografiya L’va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, Moscow, 1923, vol. 1, 124.

2. JE 34, 347.

3. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1828 po 1855 god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 157.

4. N. N. Gusev, Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis’ 1], 20.

5. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo s sestroi i brat’yami, Moscow, 1990, 30.

6. Gusev 1, 158.

7. JE 34, 380.

8. JE 34, 381.

9. JE 34, 380.

10. Leo Tolstoy, A Confession and Other Religious Writings, tr. Jane Kentish, London, 1987, 19.

11. JE 34, 382–383.

12. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye: Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 178.

13. Gusev 1, 168–169.

14. Gusev 1, 169.

15. Gusev 1, 179.

16. JE 34, 387.

17. JE 34, 387–388.

18. JE 34, 379.

19. David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration, New Haven, 2010, 106.

20. Gusev 1, 160.

21. Gusev 1, 181.

22. JE 34, 397.

23. JE 59, 10.

24. Gusev 1, 162.

25. Letopis’ 1, 28.

26. Gusev 1, 237.

27. Robert Wokler, Rousseau: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2001, 1.

28. Gusev 1, 197.

29. Letopis’ 1, 25; Gusev 1, 198.

30. Letopis’ 1, 26; Gusev 1, 199.

31. Aleksei Zverev, Vladimir Tunimanov, Lev Tolstoi, Moscow, 2007, 41; Gusev 1, 159.

32. Gusev 1, 161.

33. Gusev 1, 193.

34. JE 59, 10.

35. Letopis’ 1, 27; Gusev 1, 202.

36. Nicholas Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism, tr. R. M. French, London, 1937, 1.

37. JE 46, 245–255.

38. JE 46, 262.

39. JE 46, 265.

40. JE 46, 263–272.

41. Marthe Blinoff, Life and Thought in Old Russia, University Park, 1961, 86.

42. JE 46, 3–4.

43. JE 46, 4–28.

44. JE 46, 12, 21.

45. JE 34, 383; JE 46, 19.

46. Gusev 1, 232–233.

5 Landowner, Gambler, Officer, Writer

1. JE 46, 45.

2. JE 46, 31–33.

3. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo s sestroi i brat’yami, Moscow, 1990, 33.

4. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii s 1828 po 1855 god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 236–237.

5. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 166.

6. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 188.

7. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 177.

8. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 44.

9. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, La Russie en 1839, 4 vols, Brussels, 1843.

10. Marquis de Custine, Letters from Russia, tr. and intro. Robin Buss, London, 1991, 63.

11. Gusev 1, 238.

12. Ivan Turgenev, ‘Instead of an Introduction’, Turgenev’s Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments, tr. David Magarshack, with an essay by Edmund Wilson, London, 1984, 92–93.

13. Gusev 1, 237.

14. For further details see Donna Tussing Orwin, Tolstoy’s Art and Thought, 1847–1880, Princeton, 1993.