United States

(American imperialism): Varying interpretations of imperialism are presented by Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy (1961, reissued 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (1963); and Richard E. Welch, Jr., Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (1979). David F. Trask, The War with Spain (1981), is an account of the Spanish-American War. Julius W. Pratt, America’s Colonial Experiment (1950, reissued 1964), discusses the administration of the American overseas empire. A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938, reissued 1966), remains the standard work; but, for the Open Door policy and relations with China, see also Tyler Dennett, John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (1933, reissued 1963). The U.S. penetration and domination of the Caribbean is most authoritatively recounted in Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900–1921 (1964, reprinted 1980).

(The Progressive era): An introduction to the United States during the Progressive era is John Whiteclay Chambers II, The Tyranny of Change (1980); and Arthur S. Link and Richard L. McCormick, Progressivism (1983).

(The rise to world power): An overview of the period is John M. Dobson, America’s Ascent: The United States Becomes a Great Power, 1880–1914 (1978). Surveys of American national politics from Roosevelt through Wilson are George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912 (1958, reprinted 1962); Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917 (1954, reprinted 1963); and Robert H. Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917–1921 (1985). On the neutrality issue, see Ernest R. May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (1959); and Arthur S. Link, Wilson, 5 vol. (1947–65), especially the last three volumes. American mobilization is well covered by Daniel R. Beaver, Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917–1919 (1966); and Neil A. Wynn, From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society (1986). Arno J. Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (1959, reissued 1970), and a sequel, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (1967), include a brilliant account of the development of Wilson’s peace program in its worldwide context. A study on Wilson and American diplomacy at the Paris peace conference is Arthur Walworth, Wilson and His Peacemakers (1986). For an account of the fight over the treaty in the United States, see William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (1980). Wesley M. Bagby, The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920 (1962), is an excellent study. Arthur S. Link

From 1920 to 1945