David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.
Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Administrator Eff ectiveness: Th e Eff ects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations», Human Relations 30 (1977): 641–656.
Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 52–53.
Ibid., 51–52.
Ibid., 215.
Henri Tajfel and Joseph P. Forgas, «Social Categorization: Cognitions, Values and Groups», Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph P. Forgas (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 113–140.
Marilynn B. Brewer and Roderick M. Kramer, «Th e Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior», Annual Review of Psychology 36 (1985): 219–243.
Charles Perrow, «Departmental Power and Perspectives in Industrial Firms», Power in Organizations, ed. Mayer K. Zald (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), 59–89.
C.R. Hinings et al., «Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power», Administative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 22–44.
Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: Th e Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.
Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974):
195–221.
Nelson W. Polsby, «How to Study Community Power: Th e Pluralist Alternative», Journal of Politics 22 (1960): 474–484.
Pfeff er and Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making»; Pfeff er and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».
Stevens, Sudden Death, 160.
T.L. Whisler et al., Centralization of Organizational Control: An Empirical Study of Its Meaning and Measurement”, Journal of Business 40 (1967): 10–26.
Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 59.
John R.P. French, Jr., and Bertram Raven, «Th e Bases of Social Power», Group Dynamics, eds. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), 259–269; Patchen, «Locus and Basis of Infl uence», 210.
Stevens, Sudden Death.
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Michael L. Tushman, William H. Newman, and Elaine Romanelli, «Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution», California Management Review 29 (1986): 29–44.
R.E. Nisbett and L. Ross, Human Inferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Half, 1980).
Linda E. Ginzel, «Th e Impact of Biased Feedback Strategies on Performance Judgments», Research Paper #1102 (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1990).
Ibid., 26.
Robert W. Allen et al., «Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors», California Management Review 22 (1979): 77–83.
David G. Winter, «Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profi les of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 196–202.
Ibid., 200.
Christopher H. Achen, Th e Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making London: Tavistock, 1973), 17.
Ibid., 31.
D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.
Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 209.
Ibid., 213.
George Strauss, «Tactics of Lateral Relationship: Th e Purchasing Agent», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 161–186.
Michael L. Tushman and Elaine Romanelli, «Uncertainty, Social Location and Infl uence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis», Management Science 29 (1983): 12–23.
Gerald R. Salancik, Jeff rey Pfeff er, and J. Patrick Kelly, «A Contingency Model of Infl uence in Organizational Decision Making», Pacifi c Sociological Review 21 (1978): 239–256.
Ibid., 253.
Bernard M. Bass, «Evolving Perspectives on Charismatic Leadership», Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 40–77.
Robert J. House, William D. Spangler, and James Woycke, «Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Th eory of Leadership Effectiveness», unpublished, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1989.
Ibid.; Robert J. House, «A 1976 Th eory of Charismatic Leadership» Leadership: Th e Cutting Edge, eds. J.G. Huntand L.L. Larson (Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press, 1977).
House, Spangler, and Woycke, «Personality and Charisma».