40 лет Санкт-Петербургской типологической школе

Russian

(16a) Dom postroen iz kirpiča

house.NOM built.PF.PPP.SG.M of brick.GEN

«The house is made of brick».

(16b) Dom *(do six por) postroen iz kirpiča

house.NOM (until now) built.PF.PPP.SG.M of brick.GEN

Lit. «The house is still built of brick».

(16c) Bol'šinstvo domov do six por postroe-n-o

most house.GEN.PL until.now built.PF-PPP-SG.NEUTER

iz kirpiča

of brick.GEN

«Most houses are still made of bricks».

(16d) Dom postroen v prošlom godu

house built.PF.PPP.SG.M in past year

«The house was built last year».

In spite of the form postroen «built», which one can consider resultative because of its derivational history, (16a) denotes a permanent state through the specification of a property attributed to the entity (iz kirpiča «of brick»). The construction therefore enters into the adjectival paradigm as confirmed by the adverbials of duration test in (16b). To explain the grammaticality of (16b), following Knjazev [1988: 351] advances the argument that adverbials of duration are incompatible with resultatives denoting irreversible states, but that these adverbials may appear with resultatives «under special conditions» as for example in (16c) where the subject would be plural. Let us note however that the grammaticality of (16c) evidences the interesting problem of the interaction between quantification and aspect which deserves more study. The comparison between (16a) and (16d) shows that the occurrence of the temporal expression allows one to retrieve the event which is at the origin of the resultative state: (16b) is the expression of an actional perfect passive [Maslov 1988: 66].

As mentioned earlier on the subject of Polish, the «be» — passive may be constructed with an imperfective participle; if the verb has an imperfective derivative, two constructions are possible:

Bulgarian

(17a) Trevata e/beše okosena *(mnogo păti)

grass.the is/was mow.PF.PPP.SG.F (many times)

(ot studentite)

(by students.the)

«The grass was mowed» (by the students).

(17b) Trevata e/beše kosena (mnogo păti)

grass.the is/was mow.IMPF.PPP.SG.F (many times)

(ot studentite)

(by students.the)

«The grass has been mowed» (many times) (by the students).

(17c) Trevata e/beše okosjavana mnogo

grass.the is/was mow.IMPF.PPP.DERIVATE.SG.F many

păti/vsjaka godina (ot studentite)

times/every year (by students.the)

«The grass is/was mowed many times/every year (by the students)».

In (17a) the meaning is clealy that of a resultative state having its origin in a completed event. As opposed to (17a), in (17b) the resultative state has its origins in an interrupted event; the process is thereby highlighted and means «has been mowed (by someone)» or «has been mowed (by someone)»; Maslov terms this «actional passive present» and «actional passive perfect» respectively. However, according to the tense of the auxiliary and the discourse context, the resultative state may be related to past or future situations.