A people's tragedy

25 Romanov, Once a Grand Duke, 169; Mossolov, At the Court, 31; Romanov, V mramornom, 60; de Jonge, Life and Times, 110; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, xii.

26 Chernov, Great Russian Revolution, 16; Gurko, Tsar, 69–70; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 50, 83.

27 Gurko, Tsar, 34, 48–9; Pipes, Russian Revolution, 60.

28 Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 52.

29 Smitten, ‘Poslednyi’, 10: 119–20; de Jonge, Life and Times, 36, 45, 54; Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 2 Dec 1994; Curtiss, Church and State, 175–7; Graham, With the Russian Pilgrims, 180.

30 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 13–14; de Jonge, Life and Times, 64–5.

31 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 94–8; de Jonge, Life and Times, 214–15.

32 Massie, Nicholas, 318.

33 Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 2, 9 and 16 Dec 1994; de Jonge, Life and Times, 78, 224; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 35; Pipes, Russian Revolution, 259–60.

34 Fuhrmann, Rasputin, 51, 119–20; Lockhart, Diaries, 1: 128–9.

35 de Jonge, Life and Times, 204. On Marie Antoinette see Hunt, Family Romance, ch. 4.

36 de Jonge, Life and Times, 187, 201–2.

37 Simanovich, Rasputine, 23–4; Moscow News, 9, 1991; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 64–5; Gurko, Tsar, 90; Mamantov, Na gosudarevoi sluzhbe, 233.

2 Unstable Pillars

1 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’; Memoirs of Count Witte, 88–9, 199.

2 Becker, Nobility and Privilege, 64; Lieven, ‘Russian Civil Service’, 371; Zaionchkovskii, Pravitel’stvennyi, 223; Raeff, ‘Bureaucratic Phenomena’, 401–2; Raeff, Understanding, 608; Mosse, ‘Bureaucracy’, 605–6; Ferro, Nicholas, 15.

3 Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 286–7; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 125–9.

4 Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 198–9.

5 Raeff, ‘Bureaucratic Phenomena’, 403–4; Verner, Crisis, 51–9; Rieber, ‘Sedimentary Society’, 358–9; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 133–6; Pearson, Russian Officialdom, 14–15; Trubetskaia, Kniaz, 38.

6 Lincoln, In the Vanguard, 107; Whelan, Alexander III, 83–7.

7 Saunders, Russia, 213.

8 Whelan, Alexander III, 91; Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 192; Wcislo, ‘Bureaucratic’, 382–3.

9 Lieven, Russia’s Rulers, 68–72, 185–92, 385.

10 Whelan, Alexander III, 32–3.

11 Urussov, Memoirs, 1, 12; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 1–2.

12 Urussov, Memoirs, 96; Judge, ‘Urban Growth’, 48–50.

13 Clowes, Kassow, West (ed.), Between Tsar and People, 3–27, 41–56, 75–89; Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 195.

14 Chekhov, Plays, 322; Urussov, Memoirs, 100; Bok, Reminiscences, 100.

15 Urussov, Memoirs, 98; Rogger, Russia, 52–3.

16 Robbins, ‘His Excellency’, 76; Padenie, 1: 33, 49; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 244–5. For a contrary view on the governors, stressing their subordination to the central ministries, see Yaney, Systematization, 330.

17 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 68; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 55–6.

18 Rogger, Russia, 49; Robbins, Tsar’s Viceroys, 183–4; Weissman, ‘Regular’, 46–50, 56–8; Yaney, Systematization, 333–7.

19 Manning, Crisis, 9–10; Shanin, Russia as a ‘Developing Society’, 147.

20 BA, Bakhmeteff Collection, Box 39, Lvov, ‘Moi vospominaniia’, 2–4, 10, 13, 15–16, 83; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 24–30.

21 Dni, 21 March 1925; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 62; Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 373–4.

22 Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, 2: 249.

23 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’ (1901), 3, 1923: 97; McKenzie, ‘Zemstvo’; Stone, Europe, 204; Tyrkova-Williams, To, chego, 253.

24 Yaney, Urge, 51, 98, 102–8; Macey, ‘Land Captains’; Semenov, Dvadtsat’, 86; A Radical Worker, 151–2.

25 Polnoe sobranie zakonov, 14, 1894: 11,014.

26 Keep, ‘Military Style’; Verner, Crisis, 22–3; Elchaninov, Tsar, ch. 8.

27 Bushnell, Mutiny, 1–2.

28 Fuller, Civil-Military, 49, 144–53; Bushnell, Mutiny, vii, 15–21.

29 Wildman, End, 1: 33–5; Bushnell, Mutiny, 10–11.

30 McNeal, Tsar and Cossack; Rieber, ‘Landed’, 36; Bushnell, Mutiny, 110–11.

31 Oberuchev, ‘V dni’, 60; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’; Grondijs, La Guerre, 84, 263; Shabanov, ‘Kratkii’, 5–9; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 11–12; op. 3, d. 70, l. 148.

32 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 17.

33 Ibid., 9–10.

34 Cherniavsky, Tsar and People, 111–16, 119–20, and ch. 1 on saintly princes; Billington, Icon, 47, 64.

35 Curtiss, Church and State, 3–32, 71–2, 345–6; Freeze, ‘Handmaiden’.

36 Morrison, ‘Church Schools’, 193; Curtiss, Church and State, 186.

37 Waldron, ‘Religious Toleration’, 104–15; Freeze, ‘Handmaiden’, 89–90; Freeze, ‘Bringing Order’; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 27–8, 34, 51–2.

38 Freeze, ‘ “Going” ’, 215–32; Dixon, ‘Church’s Social Role’, 167–92.

39 A Radical Worker, 27–34.

40 Gorky, My Universities, 122; Matossian, ‘Peasant Way of Life’, 19–20; Belinskii, Izbrannye, 2: 516.

41 Lewin, Making, ch. 2; Ramer, ‘Traditional Healers’.

42 Stepniak, Russian Peasantry, 372; Freeze, Parish Clergy; Belliutsin, Description, 189.

43 Curtiss, Church and State, ch. 5; Freeze, Parish Clergy, 330f, 389f; Meyendorff, ‘Russian Bishops’; Simon, ‘Church’, 206–12.

44 Curtiss, Church and State, 237ff, 405.

45 Gellner, Nations, 6 and passim.

46 Lenin, PSS, 25: 66.

47 Hofer, ‘Creation of Ethnic Symbols’; Anderson, Imagined Communities; Gellner, Nations, 57–8.

48 Hofer, ‘Creation of Ethnic Symbols’, 124.