A people's tragedy

12 For an excellent discussion of the problems confronting the formation of a middle-class identity see Clowes, Kassow and West (ed.), Between Tsar and People.

13 Galai, Liberation, 54.

14 Manning, ‘Zemstvo and Politics’, 139–40; Emmons, ‘Zemstvo’, 433–7; Galai, Liberation, 24–55.

15 Kerensky, Crucifixion, 78–9.

16 Istochnik, 3, 1994: 5; GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 14.

17 GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 56.

18 Svobodov, ‘Gor’kii i studencheskoe’, 71; Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 271–2; Tyrkova-Williams, Na putiakh, 72–3; Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, 3.

19 Memoirs of Count Witte, 369; White, Diplomacy, 78–81.

20 Memoirs of Count Witte, 384; Pasternak Slater (ed.), Vanished Present, 88; Ascher, Revolution, 47; Galai, Liberation, 198–205; Polner, Zhiznennyi’, 67.

21 Memoirs of Count Witte, 382–3.

22 Bar-Yaacov, Handling, 70; Owen, Capitalism, 69; Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 343; Gurko, Figures and Features, 253.

23 Ascher, Revolution, 54.

24 ‘Dnevnik kn. Ekateriny Alexeevny Sviatopolk-Mirskoi’, 243, 251; Verner, Crisis, 115–17.

25 Galai, Liberation, 214–19; Manning, Crisis, 74–5, 83–5; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’ 132.

26 Verner, Crisis, 137–40; Memoirs of Count Witte, 399; Gurko, Figures and Features, 304.

27 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 222.

28 McDaniel, Autocracy, 64–89; Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 103–5.

29 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 126, 344.

30 Ibid., 212–13, 218.

31 Ibid., 241–3.

32 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 30.

33 Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 251–2, 273.

34 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 33; Gippius, Dmitrii, 132; Ascher, Revolution, 98.

35 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 148.

36 Gogol, ‘Maksim Gor’kii’, 7–19.

37 Levin, Stormy, 98–100; Gorky, Letters, 32; NZh, 25 April 1917.

38 GARF, f. 1807, op. 1, d. 382, l. 250; Pasternak Slater (ed.), Vanished Present, 110; Ascher, Revolution, 94.

39 Galai, Liberation, 245–8; Stites, Women’s Liberation, 198; Balzer, ‘Problem of Professions’, 191–3; Ascher, Revolution, 129.

40 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii 1905–1907, 55; Gorky, Letters, 13.

41 Perrie, ‘Russian Peasant’, 123–55; Bok, Reminiscences, 122–5; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 94; Mixter, ‘Peasant Collective Action’, 215; Manning, Crisis, ch. 8.

42 Seregny, ‘Peasants and Politics’, 341–77; Mixter, ‘Peasant Collective Action’, 194; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 99–119.

43 Pavlov, Markovskaya, 13–14, 18–22, 44, 53; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 109–11; TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 2; d. 312.

44 Bushnell, Mutiny, 52.

45 Ibid., 55–6, 60–5; Ascher, Revolution, 170–2.

46 Ascher, Revolution, 157, 159–60; Galai, Liberation, 205–6.

47 Memoirs of Count Witte, 406–7; Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, 277–8, 280–1; Verner, Crisis, 163; Ascher, Revolution, 112.

48 Verner, Crisis, 179–80; GARF, f. 1807, op.1, d. 382, l. 202.

49 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 162.

50 Suhr, 1905, 342–4; Ascher, Revolution, 132.

51 For a brilliant discussion of the relationship between ‘revolutionary violence’ and ‘hooliganism’ in 1905 see Neuberger, Hooliganism, ch. 2.

52 Ascher, Revolution, 211–17; Engelstein, Moscow, 123; ‘Khar’kov v oktiabre’; Lvov–Rogachevskii, ‘Oktiabr’skie dni’, 80.

53 Ascher, Revolution, 217–21; Trotsky, My Life, 186. There is some disagreement over whether Lenin ever spoke in the Petrograd Soviet of 1905. A number of sources state that Lenin spoke there once or twice but there is no definite corroboration.

54 Trotsky, My Life, 172–4; Haimson (ed.), Making, 324.

55 Verner, Crisis, 227; Letters of Tsar Nicholas and the Empress Marie, 188.

56 Memoirs of Count Witte, 515.

57 Petrunkevich, ‘Iz zapisok’, 410.

58 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 373–4; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 97, 110.

59 Emmons, Formation, 41–4, 62–72, 146–7; Rosenberg, Liberals, 12–24.

60 Emmons, Formation, 147, 217–22.

61 Memoirs of Count Witte, 501–2; Gurko, Figures and Features, 404–5.

62 Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 65.

63 Rawson, Russian Rightists, 21–33, 46–72, 142–8.

64 Ibid., 137–8; Lambroza, ‘Pogroms’, 227–8, 233–7; Weinberg, ‘Pogrom’, 262, 268–9; Letters of Tsar Nicholas and the Empress Marie, 190–1.

65 Haimson, (ed.), Making, 180–3; Engelstein, Moscow, 140; Baring, A Year in Russia, 29–30.

66 Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, 225; Gul’, ‘Byloe’.

67 Haimson, (ed.), Making, 203; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k K. P. Piatnitskomu’, 193.

68 Engelstein, Moscow, 205, 222; Ascher, Revolution, 315–22.

69 ‘Dnevnik A. A. Polovtsova’, (1906), 4, 1923: 99; Bing (ed.), Secret Letters, 206; Manning, Crisis, 173; Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 95; Ferro, Nicholas II, 118–19; Gurko, Figures and Features, 446.

70 Gor’kii ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 170.

71 Troyat, Gorky, 100–6.

72 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k pisatel’iam’, 132; Pasternak, Stikhotvoreniia, 204.

73 Pares, My Russian Memoirs, 161–2.

74 Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 42; Trotsky, My Life, 194–5; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 148.

75 Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 168.

76 Naumov, Iz ustelevshikh, 2: 72; Manning, Crisis, 146; Neuberger, Hooliganism, 114, 118–19. See also Weissman, ‘Rural Crime’.