A people's tragedy

10 Stone, Eastern Front, 52; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 42, 46.

11 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 133, 330.

12 Ibid., 143.

13 Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: xxv; Lincoln, Passage, 71–2; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 259–60; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 64–5; Stone, Eastern Front, 50–1, 148, 167–8.

14 Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe, 11–12; Lincoln, Passage, 106; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 220; Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 127–8.

15 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 126–7; Lincoln, Passage, 105; Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 124–5.

16 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 13–14; Rodzianko, Reign of Rasputin, 115–17.

17 Wildman, End, 1: 100–2.

18 RGVA, f. 37976, op. 9, d. 4218.

19 Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 143–4, 171, 212–13, 218–21, 243–5.

20 Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 158; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 223.

21 Chaadaeva (ed.), ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 126–7.

22 Lincoln, Passage, 127; Denikin, Ocherki, 1: 2: 29–30; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 317–18; 2: 410.

23 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 82.

24 Lemke, 250 dnei, 223–55; Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 324–8.

25 Lincoln, Passage, 152; Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 33, 37, 74.

26 Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 234; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18, l. 4; d. 17; Pireiko, Na fronte, 35–6.

27 Golovin, Russian Army, 121–2; Os’kin, Zapiski soldata, 276–302, 318–33; Lincoln, Passage, 146–7.

28 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 170–1, 185.

29 Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 54, 98.

30 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 15, l. 6; HLRO, 206: Stow Hill Papers. DS 2/2, Box 8, O. L. Kerenskaia, ‘Obryvki vospominaniia’, 2.

31 Polner, Obolenskii and Turn (ed.), Russian Local Government, 54ff, 100–1; Gleason, ‘All-Russian’, 365–82; Cherniavsky (ed.), Prologue, 228.

32 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 174–88; Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 374.

33 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 29–31; Polner, Obolenskii and Turn (ed.), Russian Local Government, 300–3; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 210.

34 Stone, Eastern Front, 156, 199–202; Siegelbaum, Politics of Industrial Mobilization, 38; Pearson, Russian Moderates, 24–47.

35 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 46–53; Hamm, ‘Liberal Politics’; Rosenberg, Liberals, 39–42.

36 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 125; Iakhontov, ‘Tiazhelye dni’, 107–36.

37 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 59–60; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 100, 166.

38 Russkie vedomosti, 27 Sep 1915.

39 Grave (ed.), Burzhuazia, 62–3.

40 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 114, 152, 221, 409.

41 Pares, Fall, 317; Rodzianko, Reign of Rasputin, 178.

42 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 412; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 134, 301.

43 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 416.

44 Stone, Eastern Front, 234; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 199–200.

45 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 215; GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 80.

46 Stone, Eastern Front, 235.

47 Sokolov, ‘Aleksei’, 213–14; Golovin, ‘Brusilov Offensive’, 577–81.

48 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 49, 155; Stone, Eastern Front, 249; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 159–60.

49 Hindenburg, Out of My Life, 158; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 238–51, 267; Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 346.

50 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 256; Pares, Fall, 364–70; Lincoln, Passage, 257–8.

51 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 10; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 248, 272.

52 Knox, With the Russian Army, 2: 466–7, 472.

53 RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 14; Golovin, Russian Army, 246.

54 CUL, Templewood Papers, XXI: I: 24; Pares, Fall, 301–2.

55 Katkov, Russia 1917, 157–60; Massie, Nicholas, 152, 299, 346–7; Kerensky, Crucifixion, 196–8.

56 Florinsky, End, 141; Pearson, Russian Moderates, 109–10; Katkov, Russia 1917, 218.

57 Pares (ed.), Letters of the Tsaritsa, 394; BA, Brusilov collection, Memoirs, 3: 46; Pares, Fall, 381.

58 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 117–18. I am indebted to Boris Kolonitskii for the point about the teachers.

59 Voeikov, S tsarem, 185.

60 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 122, 137; Hasegawa, February, 182.

61 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 219, l. 161. On the historiography of these plots see Hasegawa, February, 187–8.

62 Kotsiubinskii, ‘Sekret’, 27, 29 Dec 1994; Purishkevich, Ubiistvo, 81; Purishkevich, Dnevnik, 141.

63 Romanov, V mramornom, 307; Lincoln, Passage, 310–11.

64 Trotsky, My Life, 276; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 241.

65 Serge and Sedova, Life and Death, 30.

66 Trotsky, My Life, 283.

67 Ibid., 219.

68 Cohen, Bukharin, 22; Trotsky, My Life, 243; Kollontai, Iz moei zhizni, 146; Clements, Bolshevik Feminist, 84.

69 Ermanskii, Iz perezhitogo, 119.

70 Gankin and Fisher (ed.), Bolsheviks and the World War, 322.

71 Dazhina and Tsivlina, ‘Iz arkhiva A. M. Kollontai’, 1: 227; 2: 227.

72 Trotskii, Sochineniia, 8: 66–7; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 216–23.

73 Trotsky, My Life, 280; Dazhina, ‘Amerikanskie dnevniki’; Ziv, Trotskii, 67; Draper, Roots, 77.

74 Shliapnikov, On the Eve, 27–8, 38; Burdzhalov, Russia’s Second Revolution, 26; McKean, St Petersburg, ch. 12.

75 RGIA, f. 806, op. 5, d. 10313, ll. 12–13; Voronov, ‘Analiz’, 56–7; Minor, Novye formy, 1–16; Mendel’son, Itogi, 22–4; Binshtok and Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie, 45–52.