A people's tragedy

39 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 410–16; Sukhanov, Russian, 116–25; RPG, 1: 135–6.

40 RPG, 1: 136; Mstislavskii, Five Days, 65.

41 Trotsky, History, 201; Sukhanov, Russian, 140–4; RPG, 1: 128–9.

42 Kolonitskii, ‘Zagadka’, 164–7; Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin, 191; Nabokov, Provisional Government, 75; Gippius, Peterburgskie, 15.

43 ‘Dnevnik Nikolaia Romanova’, 136; Mordvinov, ‘Otryvki’, 86; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 274.

44 Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 408; Paléologue, Ambassadors’ Memoirs, 3: 151–2.

45 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 434–40.

46 Padenie, 1: 203–7; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 54–5; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 107–8; Benckendorff, Last Days, 6–9.

47 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 473–9; Martynov, Tsarkaia armiia, 144–5.

48 RPG, 1: 83–9; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 495–502.

49 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 503–5; RPG, 1: 95–6.

50 Mordvinov, ‘Otryvki’, 113.

51 Pares, Fall, 420–1; Paley, Memories, 26.

52 Perepiska Nikolaia i Aleksandry, 5: 225; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 510; Shulgin, Dni, 269.

53 Shulgin, Dni, 270–1; Padenie, 6: 265–8.

54 Paley, Memories, 60–1; Benckendorff, Last Days, 16–17.

55 Sukhanov, Russian, 146–7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 531–3.

56 Miliukov, Istoriia, 1: 53–5; Kerensky, Catastrophe, 70; Padenie, 6: 266–8; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 556–60.

57 Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 18–20, 46–55; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 561–3.

58 Izvestiia, 4–16 March 1917; Kornakov, ‘Simvolika’, 360; Paustovsky, Story, 474–5; TsGASP, f. 1000, op. 74, d. 13, l. 64; TsGAVMF, f. 2023, op. 1, d. 7, l. 1.

59 Iusupov, Pered izgnaniem, 187; War, Revolution and Peace, 50; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 241–2.

60 1917 god v derevne, 40, 64; TsGASP, f. 8558, op. 1, d. 5, l. 30; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 11, l. 332.

61 Kornakov, ‘Simvolika’, 361.

62 Heald, ‘Witness’, 64–6; Stites, ‘Iconoclastic’, 7–9; Sukhanov, Russian, 74; Nazhivin, Zapiski, 32–3; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 24, 28–9.

63 RGIA, f. 1412, op. 16, d. 534, l. 4. See also d. 101–12, 529–44.

64 Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 17–18; Swift, ‘Kul’turnoe’, 403.

65 RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 242; RPG, 1: 216–21; 2: 803–19, 862–5; Buryshkin, Moskva, 319; Peshekhonov ‘Pervye nedeli’, 290–1; Silver, Russian Workers’, 38.

66 Trotsky, History, 193.

67 Buchanan, My Mission, 2: 86, 114; War, Revolution and Peace, 46; Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 24–6.

68 Pyman, Life, 2: 243, 247; Zhukovskii-Zhuk, ‘Kogda’, 64; Schweitzer, Tsvetaeva, 138.

69 Kolonitskii, ‘The “Russian Idea” ’, 4, 9, 13–14; TsGAVMF, f. r-2063, op. 1, d. 7, l. 12; Oberuchev, V dni, 49; Sorokin, Chelovek, 228; Gubernskii, 54; TsGASP, f. 7384, op. 9, d. 76, l. 23–4; Kolonitskii, ‘Kul’t vozhdia’, 7.

70 Paustovsky, Story, 474; NLW, Lord Davies Papers, C3/23; BC, Ransome Papers, Telegraph 53, 15 March 1917.

71 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 245.

9 The Freest Country in the World

1 Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 44.

2 Hoare, Fourth Seal, 256; BA, Polner Collection, Box 2, Death of Lvov; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 2: 63–4; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 195.

3 IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 1: 63–4; Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 84; Bublikov, Russkaia, 33–4.

4 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 231–45; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 1: 114; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

5 Kerensky, Memoirs, 227–8.

6 Chernov, Great Russian, 103; Shlapentokh, ‘Images’, 34–5; Sorokin, Leaves, 39; Heald, Witness, 89–90; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

7 RPG, 1: 191–242; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 247.

8 Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2: 236.

9 Sukhanov, Russian, 145; Schapiro, ‘Political Thought’, 106–7; Nabokov, ‘Provisional Government’, 135–6; Rosenberg, Liberals, 146–7; RPG, 1: 435–47, 451.

10 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312, l. 8.

11 Ibid., f. 122, op. 3, d. 13; Tsarev, Samouchka, 37–8.

12 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13; f. 200, op. 1, d. 80.

13 Figes, Peasant Russia, 56–61.

14 GARF, f. 393, op. 3, d. 359, l. 202; Figes, Peasant Russia, 47–56, 122–4.

15 Chernov, Rozhdenie, 313; Galynskii, Ocherki, 116.

16 GARF, f. 398, op. 2, d. 144, l. 158–9; Galynskii, Ocherki, 117, 141, 172.

17 GARF, f. 1791, op. 2, d. 144, l. 82; RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 4, l. 270–2.

18 IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

19 Figes, Peasant Russia, 33–7, 40–6; GARF, f. 406, op. 2, d. 237, l. 133, 160; Trotsky, History, 882.

20 Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 82, 87, 156, 229.

21 Keep, Russian Revolution, 69; Smith, Red Petrograd, 65–8; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 107–9; RPG, 2: 712–13.

22 Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 102, 137–9, 172–3, 231; BC, Ransome Papers, Telegram 91, 3 April 1917; Ferro, Russian Revolution, 112–13.

23 Pitcher (ed.), Witnesses, 101–2; Reed, Ten Days, 40; Paustovsky, Story, 481. On the idea of ‘fêtes de libération’ see M. Perrot, Les Ouvriers, Paris, 1974, 2: 548.

24 Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 2: 201; Smith, Red Petrograd, 80–98, 139–67.

25 Wade, Red Guards, 80–114, 173–82; Dune, Notes of a Red Guard, 51–7.

26 Rosenberg, ‘Social Mediation’, 173–8; Hogan, ‘Conciliation’, 49–66; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, 119–23.