A people's tragedy

22 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; Bauermeister, Spies, 128–37.

23 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18.

24 Wildman, End, 2: 89ff; Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 155–6, 160.

25 Botchkareva, Yashka, 208–18.

26 Miliukov, Russian, 1: 195.

27 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 254; IM, f. 454, d. 3, l. 70.

28 Trotsky, History, 518.

29 Heenan, Russian, 54–5; Kerensky, Catastrophe, 207–10.

30 IM, f. 454, d. 3, l. 47–67.

31 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 117–18, 121–2.

32 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 122–40; Pravda, 4 July 1917; RPG, 3: 1338–40.

33 RPG, 3: 1335–6; Trotsky, History, 529–30; Sukhanov, Russian, 429–30; Buchanan, Petrograd, 134; Blok, Sobranie sochinenii, 7, 273.

34 Sukhanov, Russian, 431; Trotsky, History, 525.

35 ‘Pis’ma moi’, 2: 35; RPG, 3: 1339–44; Rabinowitch, Prelude, 167–70; Sukhanov, Russian, 431–2; Woytinsky, Stormy, 300.

36 Sukhanov, Russian, 432; Buchanan, Petrograd, 135–6.

37 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 174–6.

38 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 419; Rabinowitch, Prelude.

39 Sukhanov, Russian, 479; Krasnaia Gazeta, 16 July 1920; Zinoviev, ‘Lenin’, 62.

40 Buchanan, Petrograd, 139; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 153–72; Pares, My Russian Memoirs, 465.

41 Sukhanov, Russian, 441–2; Rabochy i soldat, 26–7 July 1917; Rabinowitch, Prelude, 181–4.

42 Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 166 and passim.

43 AG, PG-Rl, 30–19–605 (published here for the first time).

44 Woytinsky, Stormy, 301–2; RPG, 3: 1356.

45 Sukhanov, Russian, 444–7; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 166–7.

46 Sukhanov, Russian, 448–9; Woytinsky, Stormy, 305–6. The 176th Regiment had in fact been loosely aligned to the Inter-District Group of Social Democrats.

47 RPG, 3: 1347.

48 Sukhanov, Russian, 450.

49 Nikitine, Fatal Years, 155–7; Sukhanov, Russian, 462–4.

50 Sukhanov, Russian, 455.

51 RPG, 3: 1364–5; Nikitine, Fatal Years, 119–22; Zeman (ed.), Germany, 94–5; Rabinowitch, Prelude, 206–7.

52 Polovtsov, Glory, 258.

53 Trotsky, History, 570; Sukhanov, Russian, 469–70.

54 NZh, 15 Aug 1917.

55 Zinoviev, ‘Lenin’, 70.

56 Lenin, PSS, 32: 433–4.

57 AG, PG-Rl, 30–19–605 (published here for the first time).

58 NZh, 9 July 1917.

59 RPG, 3: 1350.

60 Polovtsov, Glory, 259–60; IM, f. 454, d. 3, l. 18; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 258.

61 Kolonitskii, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, 98–106.

62 Krasnov, ‘Na vnutrennom fronte’, 106. The following account of Linde’s death is compiled from pages 105–12 of Krasnov, ‘Na vnutrennom’; and Sokolov, White Nights, 15–40. The incident is also related, with a good deal of artistic licence, in Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago (Chapter 5).

63 Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 251; Kievskaia mysl’, 3 Sep 1917; Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 169–71; RPG, 3: 1390–1.

64 Cantacuzéne, Revolutionary Days, 30; Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks, 39–42.

65 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 317; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 4, l. 79, 83.

66 Vertsinskii, God, 18; Bogaevskii, Vospominaniia, 39; Katkov, Kornilov, 39–41; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 100–2, 321; Grondijs, La Guerre, 264.

67 GARF, f. 5849, op. 2, d. 35, l. 2–3.

68 White, ‘Kornilov’, 187–9; Katkov, Kornilov, 138–9.

69 Martynov, Kornilov, 16–20.

70 Abraham, Kerensky, 255; Stepun, Byvshee, 2: 144–5.

71 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 320; RPG, 2: 989–1010.

72 Martynov, Kornilov, 33–4; Savinkov, K Delu, 13–14.

73 Martynov, Kornilov, 20; PRO, FO 371, 3015, N 165148/17, 93–4; Stepun, Byvshee, 2: 143–4.

74 Katkov, Kornilov, 56–7, 171–2; Botchkareva, Yashka, 225; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 228.

75 Vladimirova, Kontrrevoliutsiia, 84; Stepun, Byvshee, 2: 162–3; RPG, 3: 1510–15.

76 Gippius, Siniaia, 162, 164.

77 Katkov, Kornilov, 50–1, 74–9, 84–8, 136–7, 159; RPG, 3: 1558–71.

78 NZh, 3 Sep 1917; RPG, 3: 1574–5; Katkov, Kornilov, 92.

79 Katkov, Kornilov, 97; Martynov, Kornilov, 110–11.

80 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 459–60; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 4, l. 53.

81 Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks, 132–44.

82 Ibid., 144–50; RPG, 3: 1586–9.

83 Denikin, Ocherki, 2: 86; Katkov, Kornilov, 130–4.

84 Trotsky, My Life, 331.

85 HLRO, 206, Stow Hill Papers, DS 2/2, Box 8, O. L. Kerenskaia, ‘Obryvki vospominanii’, 8.

86 McCauley (ed.), The Russian Revolution, 36–7.

87 Smith, Red Petrograd, 110–16, 160–7; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 194–5, 198–200, 222–4.

88 Rosenberg, ‘Russian Municipal’, 159–61.

89 Keep, Russian Revolution, 146.

90 Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks, 174–5; Trotsky, History, 804–6; Sukhanov, Russian, 528.

91 Ziv, Trotskii, 69–74; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 284–5; Lunacharsky, Revolutionary, 65.

92 Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks, 154–8.

93 Smith, Red Petrograd, ch. 7; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 184–6, 320–5; Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 254–60, 280–6; RPG, 3: 1640–52.

94 Delo derevni, 27 Aug 1917; Lutskii, ‘Krest’ianskoe’, 49–78.

95 TsGANKh, f. 478, op. 1, d. 149–50; d. 202, l. 7–8; Edwards, Sonya, 466.

96 Figes, Peasant Russia, 61–84.

97 Galili, Menshevik, 384; Radkey, Agrarian, 403ff; Raleigh, Revolution, 235–7, 267–70.

98 Lenin, PSS, 32: 433–4; 33: 5–120; 34: 10–17.

99 Ibid., 34: 133–9.

100 RPG, 3: 1684–91, 1714–21; Trotsky, History, 916–17.

101 Haimson (ed.), Making, 18; Galili, Menshevik, 302, 327–8, 336–7.

102 Trotsky, History, 1156; Gorky, Lenin, 46.

103 Lenin, PSS, 34: 239–41.