A people's tragedy

6 Pravda, 29 Nov and 25 Dec 1918.

7 Trotsky, HRA 1: 199–210, 220–6.

8 Benvenutti, Bolsheviks, 92–108.

9 Figes, ‘Red Army’, 176–7; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 147.

10 Figes, ‘Red Army’, 177–9.

11 Ibid., 199–202.

12 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 120, l. 45, 54; d. 277, l. 175–86; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 113.

13 Figes, ‘Red Army’, 182–6.

14 Trotsky Papers, 1: 797; Figes, ‘Red Army’, 183–4.

15 White, Growth of the Red Army, 118; Figes, Peasant Russia, 293; Trotsky, HRA, 1: 13.

16 Trotsky, HRA, 2: 109, 298; Figes, ‘Red Army’, 193.

17 Figes, ‘Red Army’, 195–8.

18 Ibid., 198–206; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 147–50; RGVIA, f. 7, op. 2, d. 483, l. 2; Brovkin, Behind, 145–55; Antonovshchina, 45–6.

19 Wildman, End, 1: 101.

20 GARF, f. 2314, op. 9, d. 2, l. 15–16.

21 Elkina, ‘Likvidatsiia’, 52–6.

22 Maiakovskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 2: 92–5.

23 GARF, f. 2313, op. 3, d. 26, l. 27.

24 Goldman, My Disillusionment, 8–9.

25 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–619 (published here for the first time).

26 GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 24, 29–30, 35–6; Izvestiia gosudarstvennogo kontrolia, 5, 1919: 20; NZh, 1 June 1918; Pozner, Dela, 41; GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 20, l. 19.

27 GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 18; Pozner, Dela, 42; Sorokin, Leaves, 209, 217–18; Berkman, Bolshevik Myth, 266.

28 Sorokin, Leaves, 219–20; Materialy po statistike Petrograda, 1, 1920: 10; McAuley, Bread, 276–8.

29 NZh, 1 June 1918; Babine, Diary, 33; Strumilin, Zarabotnaia plata, 5, 17–18; Strumilin, ‘Prozhitochnoi’, 4–8; Strumilin, ‘Biudzhet’, 1–5; McAuley, Bread, 280; Stites, Women’s, 372; Goldman, My Disillusionment, 11.

30 Harrison, Marooned, 99; GARF, f. 5692, op. 1, d. 101, l. 23.

31 NZh, 21 May, 1 June 1918; Levin, Stormy, 203; Wolfe, Bridge, 77–8, 88–92; Scherr, ‘Notes’, 260–1; Rozhdestvenskii, Stranitsy, 264; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 132–3.

32 Khodasevich, Nekropol, 231–2; Berberova, Italics, 169–70; Romanov, V mramornom, 357–8.

33 Levin, Stormy, 206, 210.

34 GARF, f. 5469, op. 2, d. 50, l. 116; Figes, Peasant Russia, 255–7.

35 Kooperativnaya mysl’ (Saratov), no. 4 (35), 19 Jan 1919; Figes, Peasant Russia, 284–95.

36 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 441, l. 35; TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 913, l. 9.

37 Serge, L’an 1, 119; McAuley, Bread, 89.

38 Edwards, Sonya, 447–50; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 101, l. 29; Schweitzer, Tsvetaeva, 162–3; Meshcherskaia, ‘Trudovoe kreshchenie’.

39 Isaev, Bezrabotitsa, 6; Kleinborg, Istoriia, 285; McAuley, Bread, 88–9, 188; Rabinowitch, ‘Bol’sheviki’, 124–5; Odinnadtsatyi s’ezd RKP(b), 103–4.

40 Koenker, ‘Deurbanization’, 90–5; Brower, ‘ “City” ’, 62–3; Figes, Peasant Russia, 138–44; Okninskii, Dva goda, 176.

41 GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 443, l. 35, 36, 55, 93, 98.

42 Chase, Workers, 19–20; Brower, ‘ “City” ’, 72–3; 24; GARF, f. 5451, op. 3, d. 475.

43 TsGANKh, f. 1943, op. 4, d. 116. l. 17; GARF, f. 5451, op. 4, d. 148, l. 175; f. 3429, op. 1, d. 305, l. 141; Izvestiia samarskogo gubprodkomiteta, 7–8, 1918: 22–3; Figes, Peasant Russia, 95–6; Vaisberg, Den’gi i tseny, 109–13.

44 Kabanov, Oktiabr’skaia, 210–11.

45 Trotsky, HRA, 1: 85.

46 Suny, Baku, 208.

47 GARF, f. 393, op. 11, d. 199, l. 60.

48 Figes, Peasant Russia, 66–7, 81–3, 188.

49 Lenin, PSS, 37: 40–1.

50 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 442; d. 443, ll. 22, 38, 52, 75, 122.

51 TsGANKh, f. 1943, op. 1, d. 448, l. 70; op. 6, d. 376, l. 85; GARF, f. 4390, op. 2, d. 327, l. 38; f. 130, op. 2, d. 443, l. 53; GAVO, f. 503, op. 1, d. 49, l. 24.

52 GAKO, f. 7, op. 1, d. 535, l. 23.

53 Protokoly zasedanii, 294.

54 Figes, Peasant Russia, 188–99.

55 Aver’ev (ed.), Komitety, 1: 21–2; GARF, f. 393, op. 3, d. 336, l. 285.

56 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 277, l. 177.

57 Leninskii sbornik, 18: 144, 206.

58 Figes, Peasant Russia, 249–61.

59 Harrison, Marooned, 150–7; Banerji, ‘Commissars’, 271.

60 Trotskii, Sochineniia, 12: 136–7.

61 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–621; McAuley, Bread, 280.

62 For the view that the workers consciously supported the opposition parties see Brovkin, ‘The Mensheviks’ Political Comeback’. For the opposite (and generally more persuasive) view that the workers’ protest movement was not politicized in party terms see Rosenberg, ‘Russian Labor’.

63 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 616, l. 2; Rabinowitch, ‘Bol’sheviki’, 126–7.

64 Lenin, PSS, 36: 175–84.

65 Malle, Economic, ch. 2.

66 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 199.

67 O Lenine, 54.

68 Pravda, 1 Sep 1918; Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 82–90.

69 Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 83–5, 91–5; Seifullina, ‘Muzhitskii’.

70 Proletarskaia Revoliutsiia, 6–7, 1923: 284; Lockhart, Memoirs, 320; Balabanoff, My Life as a Rebel, 209.

71 Krasnaia gazeta, 1 Sep 1918; Izvestiia, 3 Sep 1918; Ezhenedel’nik chrezvychainykh komissii, 1, 1918: 11.

72 Trotskii, O Lenine, 101; Ferro, October, 265.

73 Leggett, Cheka, 30–4.

74 Latsis, Chrezvychainye, 8.

75 Melgunov, Red Terror, 27–8; Peters, ‘Vospominaniia’, 9.

76 GARF, f. 1236, op. 1, d. 5; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 262; Moscow News, 14–21 June 1992.

77 Piatyi vserossiiskii s’ezd, 5–37; Rabinowitch, ‘Maria’, 426–7; Leggett, Cheka, 72–6.

78 Hoover, Steinberg, ‘The Events of July 1918’, 22; Rabinowitch, ‘Maria’, 429.