A people's tragedy

18 Gor’kii, Polnoe sobranie sochineniia, 24: 18–19; AG, Pg-In.

19 Scherrer, ‘Écoles’, 265; RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 60, d. 43, l. 19; Read, Culture, 113–14.

20 Mally, ‘Intellectuals’; Read, Culture, 89–90, 111–33; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 129–33; Stites, Revolutionary, 70–1; McClelland, ‘Utopianism’, 411.

21 Michelson, ‘Wings’, 61–9; Taylor, Politics, 36.

22 Stites, Revolutionary, 94–5, 136; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 305–8.

23 Bowlt, ‘Constructivism’, 204; Stites, Revolutionary, 90.

24 Harrison, Marooned, 125–6; Chagall, My Life, 137; Pethybridge, Social, 149; Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 199.

25 Clements, ‘Effects’, 105.

26 Stites, Women’s, 362, 377; Goldman, Women, 7; Farnsworth, ‘Village’, 246; Fitzpatrick, ‘Sex’, 268–9; Goldman, ‘Working-Class’, 129–30, 134–9.

27 Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia, 380; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 299.

28 Zenzinov, Deserted, 27; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 31–3, 67, 218; McClelland, ‘Utopianism’, 119–24.

29 Stites, Revolutionary, 146–57; Toller, Which, 114; Gastev, ‘O tendentsiiakh’, 44–5; ABC, 75.

30 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 153, l. 12; d. 163, l. 60; Stites, Revolutionary, 105–9; Moscow News, 19–26 August, 1990; Karpov, ‘Po volnam’, 40–1; Hindus, Red, 275–6.

31 Stites, Revolutionary, 110; Tumarkin, Lenin, 71–2.

32 Stites, Revolutionary, 111–13; Kolonitskii, ‘Revolutionary Names’, 211–12, 223; Stites, Women’s, 364.

33 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 347–9; Vasil’eva, ‘Russkaia’, 43–4; RTsKhIDNI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 48, l. 29, 81–2; Izvestiia TsK, 4, 1990, 190–3; Moscow News, 19–26 August 1990.

34 Agursky, Third Rome, 266–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 356; Yodfat, ‘Closure’; GARF, f. 353, op. 3, d. 755, l. 125–31, 167–9, 201–2, 237–9; Gitelman, Century, 118.

35 Figes, Peasant Russia, 147–50; GARF, f. 4390, op. 12, d. 40, l. 17, 24.

36 TsGALI, f. 552, op. 1, d. 3827, l. 49.

37 Volia Rossii, 18 Jan 1921; Figes, Peasant Russia, 269–72.

38 GARF, f. 5556, op. 1, d. 35a, 50; f. 130, op. 3, d. 414, l. 7–8; op. 5, d. 712, l. 53; Volia Rossii, 22 March, 27 July 1921; Trotsky Papers, 2: 386–7.

39 Trotsky Papers, 2: 492–5; RGVA, f. 7, op. 2, d. 483, l. 8; f. 235, op. 5, d. 63, l. 5, 6, 9, 10, 19–21, 25, 37, 38; d. 217, l. 15; GATO, f. 1832, op. 1, d. 631, l. 16, 26, 84; Antonovshchina, 95–6, 150–9; Radkey, Unknown, 38, 139–43, 192–6; Trifonov, Klassy, 37, 246; BA, Lidin Collection, ‘Antonovshchina’, 6.

40 GATO, f. 1832, op. 1, d. 834, l. 9; GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 414, l. 35, 61; Figes, Peasant Russia, 329, 349.

41 Antonovshchina, 198–210; Brovkin, Behind, 363–8; Trotsky Papers 2: 46–51; Figes, Peasant Russia, 326, 348–9.

42 Trotsky Papers, 2: 504–7; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 34; Trifonov, Klassy, 80, 111; Krasnaia armiia, 3–4, 1921, 35–9.

43 Figes, Peasant Russia, 329–31, 334, 339, 344; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 27; Trotsky Papers, 2: 404–5; Volia Rossii, 21 Dec 1920.

44 Trotsky Papers, 2: 480; Figes, Peasant Russia, 346–7, 351; Radkey, Unknown, 319–20; Gorky, Russian, 18; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 712, l. 23.

45 Lenin, PSS, 43: 18, 82.

46 Pravda, 22 Jan 1921; Dan, Dva, 104–5.

47 New York Times, 6 March 1921; Sakwa, Soviet, 244–5.

48 Brovkin, Behind, 391–4; Dan, Dva, 106; Kronshtadtskii miatezh, 26.

49 Sukhanov, Russian, 446; Getzler, Kronstadt, 173–6, 209–11; Radkey, Unknown, 404; Pravda o Kronshtadte, 145.

50 Pravda o Kronshtadte, 46–7; Getzler, Kronstadt, 205–8, 218–19, 223–9.

51 Volia Rossii, 17 March 1921; Avrich, Kronstadt, 76–87; Kronshtadtskii miatezh, 146–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 382.

52 Avrich, Kronstadt, 151–4; Berkman, Bolshevik, 303.

53 Pravda o Kronshtadte, 82–4.

54 Balabanoff, Impressions, 97–8; Balabanoff, Life, 252; Lenin, PSS, 43: 41.

55 Carr, Bolshevik, 2: 280–6; Schapiro, Origin, 307, 309; Antonovshchina, 109–10, 307; RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 128, l. 1.

56 Desiaty s’ezd, 403–15; Mikoian, Mysli, 156.

57 Avrich, Kronstadt, 46–51, 202–16; Sakwa, Soviet, 245–6; Sorokin, Leaves, 268–9; Levin, Stormy, 210; RTsKhIDNI, f. 76, op. 3, d. 167.

58 Berkman, Bolshevik, 303.

59 Esikov and Protasov, ‘ “Antonovshchina” ’, 52; RGVA, f. 235, op. 2, d. 82, l. 40; op. 5, d. 133, l. 70; f. 33988, op. 2, d. 315, l. 256; Trotsky Papers, 2: 537; Volia Rossii, 27 July 1921.

60 Trotsky Papers, 2: 482, 518, 529; Volia Rossii, 28 April 1921.

61 Arbatov, ‘Batko’, 112.

62 Schapiro, Origin, 205; Jansen, Show, 128.

63 New Economic, 58; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 369; Lenin, PSS, 43: 27, 329.

64 Lenin, PSS, 43: 25; 44: 163; 45: 82, 387–8.

65 Cohen, Bukharin, 138–41; Goldman, My Further, 23.

66 Barmine, One, 124–5; Goldman, My Further, 201–2; Ball, Russia’s, 16.

16 Deaths and Departures

1 Correspondence, 26: 56.

2 Mawdsley, Russian, 285–7; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 508–9; Fisher, Famine, 83; TsGALI, f. 552, op. 1, d. 3827, l. 48; GARF, f. 130, op. 4, d. 245, l. 174–80.