A people's tragedy

79 Benckendorff, Last Days, 88.

80 Kerensky, Catastrophe, 268–9.

81 Massie, Nicholas, 449.

82 Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis’ma, 100–1.

83 Radzinsky, Last Tsar, 239.

84 Ibid., 248.

85 GARF, f. 601, op. 2, d. 32, l. 71; Sovetskaia Rossiia, 12 July 1987.

86 Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis’ma, 100–1.

87 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 653, l. 12.

88 Radzinsky, Last Tsar, 313–15.

89 Literaturnaia Rossiya, 28 Sep 1990.

90 Radzinsky, Last Tsar, ch. 15; Steinberg and Khrustalev, Fall, 357–60.

91 For the story of the bones see Massie, Romanovs.

92 Miliutin, ‘Stranitsy iz dnevnika’, 10.

93 Izvestiia, 19 July 1918; Lockhart, Memoirs, 304; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 22b, l. 365; Sokolov, Ubiistvo.

94 Carr, Bolshevik, 1: 174; Radzinsky, Last Tsar, 278; Radek, Portrety, 1: 50.

95 Cheka, 47, 90–1, 158–63; Pamiat’, 4: 379.

96 Peshekhonov, ‘Pered’, 205; GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 67, l. 525, 546.

97 Peshekhonov, ‘Pered’, 205–6.

98 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 67, l. 20.

99 Ibid., l. 263f.

100 Ibid., f. 5972, op. 3, d. 121, l.2; d. 350; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18, l. 42–3.

101 Izvestiia gosudarstvennogo kontrolia, 1, 1919: 16–17; Dan, Dva goda skitanii, 126–33.

102 Melgunov, Red Terror, 162–200; Steinberg, In the Workshop, 145.

103 Gul’, ‘Byloe’.

104 GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 751, l. 151; f. 1129, op. 2, d. 105, l. 16–17; Bunyan, Intervention, 253–7.

105 AG, Pg-Rl, 16–40–1; Pg-Rl, 13–51–2.

106 GARF, f. 4390, op. 14, d. 133.

107 Lenin, PSS, 51: 47–8.

14 The New Regime Triumphant

1 GARF, f. 6028, op. 1, d. 20, l. 9–10; Istochnik, 1, 1994: 24.

2 Polner, Zhiznennyi, 259–65; Rus’, 19 March 1925.

3 Fleming, Fate, 92–4, 105–6.

4 GARF, f. 6028, op. 1, d. 10, l. 5.

5 Ibid., d. 20, l. 8; Polner, Zhiznennyi’, 272.

6 GARF, f. 6028, op. 1, d. 17; Grazhdanskaia voina, 229.

7 Kiriukhin, Iz dnevnika, 71–2.

8 Figes, Peasant Russia, 324–33.

9 Ibid., 313–14; Lincoln, Red, 261–5; Fleming, Fate, 139.

10 Budberg, ‘Dnevnik’, 15: 281, 290, 326.

11 Graves, America’s, 200; Budberg, ‘Dnevnik’, 14: 225.

12 Fleming, Fate, 136; Budberg, ‘Dnevnik’, 14: 262.

13 Gins, Sibir’, 2, 2: 151–7.

14 Graves, America’s, 147, 153–5, 160–1.

15 Mel’gunov, Tragediia, 3, 1: 167–8; Maksakov (ed.), Partizanskoe, 1: 129–43.

16 GARF, f. 1805, op. 1, d. 12; Maksakov (ed.), Partizanskoe, 1: 145–72, 289.

17 Fleming, Fate, 157.

18 GARF, f. 439, op. 1, d. 108, l. 58; Medvedev and Starikov, Philip Mironov, 110–15; Brovkin, Behind, 101–6; Holquist ‘Russian Vendée’, ch. 5.

19 Kenez, Defeat, 27–34; Malet, Makhno, 30–2; Wrangel, Memoirs, 88.

20 Kenez, Defeat, 20–1; Mawdsley, Russian, 170; Trotsky Papers, 2: 650; Figes, ‘Red Army’, 182, 188.

21 Wrangel, Memoirs, 89.

22 Denikin, Ocherki, 5: 118.

23 Revvoensovet respubliki, 177; Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 149; Soloman, Sredi krasnykh vozhdei, 214–18; Istochnik, 1, 1994: 3.

24 Kin, Denikinshchina, 115–16, 142–6; Friedgutt, Iuzovka, 2: 373.

25 Denikin, Ocherki, 4: 86–8.

26 Rakovskii, V stane belykh, 25, 38; Lehovich, White, 324–5; Denikin, Ocherki, 4: 93–4; Sokolov, Pravlenie, 192–4; GARF, f. 439, op. 1, d. 108, l. 59.

27 Trotsky, My Life, 473.

28 GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 363; Brovkin, Behind, 73–7, 167–8; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 179; Revvoensovet respubliki, 180; Hoover, Martov Collection, ‘Oborona revoliutsii i sotsial-demoktariia’, 3.

29 Revvoensovet respubliki, 177; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 187, 202–3.

30 GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 198; Danilov, ‘Pereraspredelenie’, 284–7; Figes, ‘Red Army’, 206–9.

31 Egorov, Razgrom, 144; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 233.

32 Trotsky, HRA, 3: 412–14.

33 Ruhl, New Masters, 109; Mannerheim, Memoirs, 221.

34 Trotsky, My Life, 440–8, 473–4; Serge, Memoirs, 93; Trotsky Papers, 1: 718–19.

35 McAuley, Bread, 255; Serge, Memoirs, 91–3.

36 Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 237; Vospominaniia o … Lenine, 2: 262.

37 Bechhofer, In Denikin’s Russia, 121; Sokolov, Pravlenie, 191.

38 Bechhofer, In Denikin’s Russia, 101.

39 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 99–114; Maslov, Rossiia, 2: 37.

40 Knei-Paz, Trotsky, 546; Shulgin, 1920 god, 28.

41 GARF, f. 6764, op. 1, d. 775, l. 19.

42 Ibid., l. 20–23; Poliak, ‘Zhutkie dni’, 17–36; Shekhtman, Pogromy, 368.

43 Maleev, Tridtsat’ dnei; GARF, f. 6764, op. 1, d. 775.

44 GARF, f. 6764, op. 1, d. 775, l. 3–4.

45 Sokolov, Pravlenie, 253; Miliukov, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 230.

46 See e.g. Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 9–14.

47 Babel, 1920 Diary, 7.

48 Wrangel, Memoirs, 185.

49 BA, Bakhmeteff Collection, Box 5.

50 GARF, f. 4390, op. 13, d. 38.

51 Fischer, Lenin, 121.

52 GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 20, 21, 27, 29, 39; Pascal, En Communisme, 93–6.

53 GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 59.

54 RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 46, l. 142–3; GARF, f. 4085, op. 1, d. 14; f. 130, op. 2, d. 71, l. 332; f. 4390, op. 2, d. 327; op. 4, d. 109; Deviataia konferentsiia RKP(b), 168; Harrison, Marooned, 124.

55 Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 115.

56 Rigby, Lenin’s Government, 176–8, 184–5; Service, Bolshevik, 120–2; Zelnik, ‘Fate’, 26–7.

57 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 446; Sakwa, Soviet Communists, 49–53, 191–3; Lenin, PSS, 52: 65.

58 GARF, f. 5469, op. 2, d. 50, l. 81.